1937年“宪法革命”与美国最高法院的转变

发布时间：2018-08-22 07:12

【摘要】：1937年的“宪法革命”见证了美国法律史上的一次重大转变,而美国联邦最高法院在这次变革中起到了举足轻重的作用。这一主要表现在司法领域上的转变,最终引发了社会各个层面上的深刻变革。对于最高法院而言,最直接的变化在于其抛弃了对法律达尔文主义的绝对信仰,从而终结了法律达尔文主义的时代。美国在内战之后,为顺应镀金时代的法律需求,法律达尔文主义逐渐为法律界所认可。从富勒法院(1888-1910)开始,法律达尔文主义成为了最高法院的法哲学基础,并且通过不同的议题表现在社会的各个方面。在这一时期,放任自由的经济理念与法院对经济自由的绝对保护成为时代的标志。进入20世纪,自由经济的弊端开始突显,政府公权力干预下的福利国家制度成为新时代的需求。然而,最高法院仍然固守旧有的法哲学立场,拒绝立法对自由经济的干预和调控。最高法院的这一立场在20世纪30年代与罗斯福新政的宗旨发生了激烈冲突,导致了总统与最高法院之间的宪政危机。最终,最高法院在1937年的一系列司法判决中彻底改变了原先的立场,认可了立法对经济自由的干预和调控,从而引发了一场真正的“宪法革命”。回顾这一历史进程可以发现,影响“宪法革命”的因素是多元的。行政分支的压力、民众的愿望、时代的需求以及大法官们的司法个性都在不同程度上影响着“宪法革命”的进程。对于这些因素的考量有助于更加全面地了解“宪法革命”。然而,最高法院在这场宪法危机中顺利完成转变的最重要原因还在于司法权自身的消极属性。在司法权自身属性的驱使下,最高法院在“宪法革命”的关键时刻完成了自身的重新定位。
[Abstract]:The 1937 Constitutional Revolution witnessed a major change in the history of American law, in which the Federal Supreme Court played an important role. This change, which is mainly reflected in the judicial field, has finally led to profound changes in all levels of society. The most immediate change for the Supreme Court is that it abandoned its absolute belief in legal Darwinism and ended the era of legal Darwinism. After the Civil War, legal Darwinism was accepted by the legal profession in order to meet the legal needs of the gilded age. From the Fuller Court (1888-1910), legal Darwinism became the legal philosophy foundation of the Supreme Court and was expressed in various aspects of society through different issues. During this period, the economic concept of laissez-faire and the absolute protection of economic freedom by the court became the symbol of the times. In the 20 ~ (th) century, the malpractice of the free economy began to highlight, and the welfare state system under the government's public power intervention became the demand of the new era. However, the Supreme Court still clung to its old legal philosophy and refused to legislate to interfere and regulate the free economy. This position of the Supreme Court conflicted with the purpose of Roosevelt's New deal in the 1930s, which led to the constitutional crisis between the President and the Supreme Court. Finally, in a series of judicial decisions in 1937, the Supreme Court completely changed its original position and recognized the interference and regulation of legislation on economic freedom, thus triggering a real "constitutional revolution". Looking back at this historical process, we can find that the factors influencing the "constitutional revolution" are pluralistic. The pressure of the administrative branch, the wishes of the people, the needs of the times and the judicial personality of the justices all affect the process of the "constitutional revolution" to varying degrees. Consideration of these factors contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the Constitutional Revolution. However, the most important reason for the successful transformation of the Supreme Court in this constitutional crisis lies in the negative nature of judicial power itself. Driven by the nature of judicial power, the Supreme Court repositioned itself at the critical moment of the Constitutional Revolution.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D971.2;DD916.2

【相似文献】