论我国检察权的定位—法律监督权

发布时间：2018-08-23 12:19

【摘要】：检察权的定位是检察理论研究的一个基石性问题，它直接决定着检察权下一步将如何优化配置，关系着检察机关在国家权力体系的位置，影响着司法体制的改革方向与价值取向。面对学界种种不同的学说与观点，本文作者从我国实际国情出发，通过对比中外法律文化间的差异，对我国检察权的定位问题提出了自己的看法和建议，以期对正在进行的司法改革提供点滴借鉴。第一部分，我国检察权定位的理论分析。从目前世界各国的检察权性质理论研究现状看，学术界主要有三种学说，即行政权说、司法权说和双重属性权说，三者均以“三权分立”为理论基础，从行政权和司法的基本特性出发，对检察权进行归类。针对我国检察权的定位，国内学者提出了第四种学说，即法律监督权说，也是本文作者支持的学说。笔者认为，无论是从东西方的对比，检察制度的历史演进，检察权的现实构造，还是从检察权的发展趋势来看，检察权都有其自身特殊性。具体而言，一是东西方定位各不相同，有行政权，有司法权，也有律监督权；二是检察权的地位具有特殊性，它是对原有权力的分立和整合，是一种特殊的权力类型；三是检察权具有外溢性，即它已经超出了原有的行政权或司法权的权力界限。因此，欲正确定位我国检察权，就应跳出西方三权分立理论束缚，立足我国的具体国情来对我国检察权的定位进行现实性分析。我国检察权应有的法律定位只能是法律监督权第二部分，我国检察权定位面临的现实问题。检察权作为国家的法律监督权在打击各类犯罪、遏制官员腐败、惩治渎职侵权等方面发挥了积极的作用，但也存在着很多的问题和不足，一是实然权力与应然权力间存在较大差异，具体表现在：监督方式单一，主要是通过提请抗诉、发送纠正违法通知书、提出检察建议等建议性的方式，收效十分有限，缺少更有力的监督手段和方式；监督内容片面，主要集中于诉讼领域的监督，即侦查活动监督、审判监督和执行监督，并且规定模糊，对监督的时间、方式、效力缺乏细化规定；监督力度偏弱，受监督方式的限制，致使监督柔性过强，缺少保障监督效果的刚性措施，导致监督力度不大；前瞻性不强，现行的法律监督主要集中于事后的已然性监督，缺乏事前的未然性监督，侧重事后的惩处、缺乏事先的预警。二是政治地位的不对等。主要体现在依赖性过大，在人事任用管理、经费保障等方面几乎完全依赖于同级党委、政府，，在一些重大的案事件处理上，摆脱不掉政法委的干涉。第三部分，我国法律监督权的合理建构。一是应有权力的回归。主动监督的权力，具体包括对人的监督和对文的监督，前者是指对已经发生或可能发生重大渎职案事件的相关责任人员进行主动制止、查处或处分建议权；后者是指对违法宪法或法律的有关规范性文件提请人大及其常委会进行合宪与合法性审查的权力。争议性案件的最终审查权，对当今社会司法不公现象的频出，当事人对案件判决屡屡不服，上访闹访现象严重等情况的不断发生，充分发挥法律监督机关的监督作用，对争议性案件进行最终审查，促使审判机关作出更客观公正的裁判，引导当事人对案件处理结果权威性的服从。强化各种诉讼监督权，完善监督方式，强化监督效果。二是柔性权力向刚性权力的过渡。通过立法赋予法律监督机关有效的发现违法的手段，其中包括赋予检察机关直接使用技术手段的权力、要求涉嫌职务犯罪的单位和知情人员提供有关案件的材料和证据的权力等；以法律的形式明确规定纠正违法通知书、检察建议的适用情形、适用方式、适用效力，以及对拒不改正违法行为的处理办法。三是监督平台的构建。实行检察机关的省以下垂直领导，检察官由上级人大常委会统一任命；人事任用管理应赋予更多自主权限，在检察长人选的确定上，干部职级晋升等方面应该赋予检察机关更多自主权；加强监督主体职业保障和荣誉感教育，提高和保障法律监督主体人员的工资福利待遇、人身、人文等方面的特殊保障，提高职业荣誉感。
[Abstract]:The positioning of procuratorial power is a cornerstone of procuratorial theory research. It directly determines how to optimize the allocation of procuratorial power in the next step. It is related to the position of procuratorial organs in the state power system and affects the direction and value orientation of the reform of the judicial system. By comparing the differences between Chinese and foreign legal cultures, the author puts forward some opinions and suggestions on the positioning of procuratorial power in China, hoping to provide some references for the ongoing judicial reform.
The first part is the theoretical analysis of the localization of the procuratorial power in China.According to the present situation of the research on the nature of the procuratorial power in the world, there are three main theories in the academic circles, namely, the theory of administrative power, the theory of judicial power and the theory of dual-attribute power, all of which are based on the theory of separation of three powers and proceed from the basic characteristics of administrative power and judicial power. In view of the localization of the procuratorial power in our country, the domestic scholars put forward the fourth theory, namely the theory of legal supervision power, which is also supported by the author of this paper. Specifically speaking, the position of the East and the West is different, with administrative power, judicial power and legal supervision power; the status of the procuratorial power has its particularity, it is the separation and integration of the original power, is a special type of power; the third is that the procuratorial power has spillover, that is, it has gone beyond the original administrative power or judicial power. Therefore, in order to correctly orientate the procuratorial power of our country, we should jump out of the shackles of the theory of separation of powers in the West and analyze the positioning of the procuratorial power of our country based on the specific conditions of our country.
The second part is about the realistic problems faced by the position of procuratorial power in our country.As the legal supervision power of our country, procuratorial power plays an active role in cracking down on all kinds of crimes, curbing official corruption and punishing malfeasance infringement, but there are also many problems and shortcomings. Supervisory means are single, mainly by means of appealing for protest, sending notice of rectification of illegal acts, putting forward procuratorial suggestions, etc. The effect is very limited, lacking more powerful means and means of supervision; the content of supervision is one-sided, mainly concentrated in the field of litigation supervision, that is, supervision of investigation activities, supervision of trial and supervision of execution, and stipulated. Fuzzy, supervision of the time, way, effectiveness of the lack of detailed provisions; supervision is weak, limited by the way of supervision, resulting in supervision too flexible, lack of rigid measures to safeguard the effectiveness of supervision, resulting in supervision is not strong; prospective is not strong, the current legal supervision is mainly focused on ex post supervision, the lack of ex ante probabilities. The second is the unequal political status, which is mainly reflected in the excessive dependence on personnel appointment management, funding security and other aspects almost entirely rely rely rely rely on the Party committees at the same level, the government, in dealing with some major cases, can not get rid of the interference of the political and legal committees.
The third part is the reasonable construction of the legal supervision power in our country.The first is the return of the due power.The power of active supervision includes the supervision of people and the supervision of the text. The right of final examination of disputed cases, frequent occurrence of judicial injustice in today's society, frequent refusal of the parties to the judgment of the case, and serious petitions and petitions, etc. are constantly taking place, giving full play to the legal supervision organs. Supervisory role, the final review of disputed cases, to promote the judicial organs to make a more objective and impartial judgment, guide the parties to the authoritative submission of the outcome of the case. Strengthen various litigation supervision power, improve supervision methods, strengthen the supervision effect. Second, the transition from flexible power to rigid power. Effective means of discovering violations include giving procuratorial organs the right to use technical means directly, requiring units suspected of duty crimes and people with knowledge to provide relevant materials and evidence of the case, and so on. The third is the construction of the supervision platform. The procuratorial organs should be under the vertical leadership of the provincial level and the procurators should be appointed by the Standing Committee of the People's Congress at a higher level. More autonomy; strengthen the supervision of the main occupational security and sense of honor education, improve and protect the legal supervision of the main staff wages and welfare, personal, cultural and other special protection, improve the sense of professional honor.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D926.3

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