论民意对审判的影响

发布时间：2018-09-10 06:36

【摘要】：随着中国法治的进步，人们对正义的诉求越来越明显。当与民众有密切关系的个案发生后，人们感到与自身有某种程度的联系，就会积极参与到案件的讨论中，促使案件产生公正的裁判结果。本文主要侧重分析民意的形成过程，并在此基础上探讨民意和审判之间的关系。通过深入分析民意的构成形式，笔者了解了民意的基本形成过程。首先，民意形成的基础是群体。群体是在特定条件下，不同个体因着共同活动等方式形成一种趋同心理并受其影响的特殊集和状态。在特定条件下，群体会表现完全不同于组成这一群体的单个个人所具有的一些特征。包括：个体心理消失后形成一种特殊的集体心理，这些具备相同集体心理的人常常会进入一种组织化的心理群体状态；群体中的人有意识人格会逐渐消失，无意识人格会逐渐得势；以及还特别容易产生从众心理。群体的这些特点直接导致民意具有明显的道德性、易变性，情绪化特征特别显著，容易被媒体或者专家的意见等外部因素所引导。其次，民意形成的“催化剂”是传媒。由于传媒报道本身所具有的特性如内容的选择性、深度性、传媒报道结果的效能性等，使得传媒本身具有很强的信息传播功能，对民意的形成起到一定程度的推波助澜作用。再次是专家意见的影响。专家作为某方面的权威，他们的言论也不可避免的对民意的形成产生重要的影响。民意的理论基础分析主要包括对民意的源头——自由理念的分析和民意的法律依据——言论自由权的分析。通过对自由理念以及言论自由权的阐释，论述民意存在的理论基础性。人天性自由，只有拥有自由的人才能被称之为人，一个具有自由的人对各种事物的意见、评价才有意义。也正是在这个意义上看，只有一个个具有自由理念的人，针对其面对的对象发表其自有的看法，这些看法经过一定的途径交互，达致内核一致的认识，就形成了群体意义上的民意。言论自由是人类社会不断发展的助力和保障，对个体来说言论自由能为人的健康成长提供一个较好的环境，对社会来说言论自由能够维护社会的稳定。在司法领域，民意的介入不可避免地产生了对司法独立、司法公正和司法权威的影响。民意影响司法独立不仅表现在民意对行政机关等权力机关的“要挟”导致行政机关为了维稳而向法院施压，常常会以“曲线救国”的方式影响司法权的独立，而且民意在案件审理前就对案件产生了一种先入为主道德的评价，直接影响了法官和审判委员会对案件的认知。民意影响司法公正主要体现在对实体公正和程序公正的影响。民意影响实体公正主要表现为影响案件的最终裁决结果，影响程序公正体现在影响裁判的中立性和程序的自治性。民意对司法权威的影响体现在影响法院的独立性以及裁判结果的公平性等方面。民意对审判的积极影响是能够监督法官和审判委员会，能够促进审理的公开与透明，民意有助于法律效果和社会效果的统一。消极影响是妨碍了法院独立，妨害了审判程序和审判结果，削弱了司法权威。针对民意对审判的消极影响，笔者从制度性层面进行了预防研究。例如，完善异地管辖制度，完善人民陪审制度，，加强裁判文书的说理性以及完善法院新闻发言人制度。本文的创新性主要在对群体的研究上，因为民意的基础是群体，只有对群体进行深入的研究才能形成全面的民意认知。本文从古斯塔夫勒庞的经典著作《乌合之众》出发，具体讨论了群体心理的去个性化特性，和群体心理的影响因素，包括领袖的作用、群体规范和群体的特殊决策机制。通过对群体的较全民的分析得出民意的情绪性、易引导性等本质属性。在民意与审判的关系上重点论述民意与司法独立、司法公正和司法权威的关系，比较全面地讨论了民意对审判的正反两方面的影响。
[Abstract]:With the progress of the rule of law in China, people's demand for justice is becoming more and more obvious. When a case closely related to the people occurs, people feel that they have some degree of contact with themselves, and will actively participate in the discussion of the case, so that the case will produce a fair judgment. This paper mainly focuses on the analysis of the formation process of public opinion, and on this basis. The relationship between public opinion and trial is discussed.
By analyzing the formation of public opinion, the author understands the basic formation process of public opinion. First of all, public opinion is formed on the basis of groups. The characteristics of individual individuals in this group include: the formation of a special collective mentality after the disappearance of individual mentality, these people with the same collective mentality will often enter a state of organized psychological groups; the conscious personality of the group will gradually disappear, the unconscious personality will gradually gain momentum; and These characteristics of the group directly lead to the public opinion has obvious moral, changeable, emotional characteristics are particularly prominent, easy to be guided by the media or expert opinions and other external factors. Secondly, the "catalyst" for the formation of public opinion is the media. The selectivity, depth and the effectiveness of the results of media reports make the media itself have a strong function of information dissemination, which contributes to the formation of public opinion to a certain extent.
The theoretical basis analysis of public opinion mainly includes the analysis of the source of public Opinion-the idea of freedom and the legal basis of public Opinion-the right to freedom of speech. It is in this sense that only one person with a free idea expresses his own views on the object he is facing. These views, through certain ways of interaction, reach a consensus on the core, and form a group sense of public opinion. The continuous development of human society helps and guarantees that freedom of speech can provide a better environment for the healthy growth of individuals and maintain social stability for society.
In the judicial field, the intervention of public opinion inevitably has an impact on judicial independence, judicial justice and judicial authority. The independence of power, and public opinion before the trial of the case produced a preconceived moral evaluation of the case, directly affecting the judges and the Judicial Committee on the case's cognition. The influence of public opinion on judicial authority is reflected in the independence of courts and the fairness of judicial results. Negative influence hinders the independence of the court, impairs the trial procedure and results, and weakens the judicial authority. In view of the negative influence of public opinion on the trial, the author conducts a preventive study from the institutional level. For example, to improve the system of remote jurisdiction, to improve the people's jury system, to strengthen the written judgment. The reasonability of the book and the perfection of the press spokesman system.
This paper is mainly innovative in the study of groups, because the basis of public opinion is the group, and only a thorough study of the group can form a comprehensive understanding of public opinion. Leader's role, group norms and special decision-making mechanism of the group.Through the analysis of the group's more than the whole people, we can get the essential attributes of public opinion, such as emotional, easy to guide.In the relationship between public opinion and trial, we focus on the relationship between public opinion and judicial independence, judicial justice and judicial authority. Two factors.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D926

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