论有限公司股权对外转让的限制

发布时间：2018-03-10 10:15

本文选题：有限公司　切入点：股权对外转让　出处：《中国政法大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：有限责任公司的股东向非股东第三人转让股权的自由及其限制,是法律在平衡资合属性与人合属性的一个典型个案。股权的财产价值需要得到体现,有限公司的人合格局又需要得到保护,完全的否定一方当然不是良法的选择。对股权自由转让加以限制是平衡二者的一种途径,但是确定一个合适的限制界限,也并非易事。本文即在利益平衡的视角下,集中探讨有限责任公司股权对外转让的限制问题。引言部分主要介绍论文的主题、分析论证的立场以及研究方法。第一部分“有限公司股权对外转让限制概说”主要作前提性的界定,包括股权及股权转让的含义与分类、有限公司股权对外转让的特殊性以及对其予以限制的理论基础。股权的性质基本上属于理论上的界定,就本文主题的实践而言,主要在于明确股权转让的含义及体系定位,以助于更合理地展开对应分析。有限公司股权对外转让特殊性的根源在于有限责任公司既有资合性特征,也有人合性特征,前者赋予了自由对外转让股权以正当性,后者又要求对股权的对外转让作必要的限制,各个国家或地区的公司法,都需要作出一个经过权衡的制度回应。其间的利益衡量即构成限制有限公司股权对外转让的理论基础。第二部分“有限公司股权对外转让的法定限制”主要探讨《公司法》第72条第2、3款所设置的法定限制。通过对比较立法例的整理和评述,可以看出《公司法》第72条第2、3款采取了与境外立法例不同的兼具同意规则和优先购买权规则的法定限制模式。在厘清该法定限制模式结构的基础上,分析了“半数”的计算规则、优先购买权的适用前提、“同等条件”的把握、部分行使优先购买权等问题。第三部分“有限公司股权对外转让的意定限制”主要研究《公司法》第72条第4款所确立的意定限制条款。本部分的核心问题在于第72条第4款与第2、3款的关系如何,实质在于通过解释和分析厘清第72条第4款的规范属性。从价值判断和可行性方面,论证第72条第4款应属于任意性规范,而非半强制性规范。第四部分“有限公司股权对外转让限制的界限”是在前两个部分的基础上,就《公司法》第72条在适用中需要补充的处理方案展开探讨。其中,美国法上的“合理限制规则”具有很好的借鉴意义。在处理个案时,公司的规模、公司的目的及出让股东在人合格局中的地位、转让限制的时间效力、意定限制条款的形成、转让价格问题,而且诸多因素在个案中往往需要综合起来加以分析和判断。此外,本部分还分析了禁止或变相禁止对外转让股权的意定限制的效力。结论部分重申本文的核心观点,即有限责任公司股权对外转让的限制问题是平衡资合属性和人合属性的一个具体表现,并就我国司法实践在处理有限公司股权对外转让问题所应注意和明确的问题作观点性的整理。
[Abstract]:The freedom and limitation of shareholders of limited liability companies to transfer equity to the third party of non-shareholders is a typical case in which the law balances the attributes of capital and property, and the property value of equity needs to be reflected. The limited company's personnel qualification bureau also needs to be protected. A complete negation is of course not a good law option. Restricting the free transfer of shares is one way to balance the two, but to determine a suitable limit limit. This paper focuses on the restriction of foreign equity transfer in limited liability companies from the perspective of balance of interests. The introduction mainly introduces the theme of the thesis, the position of analysis and demonstration and the research method. The first part, "introduction to the limitation of Foreign Equity transfer of Limited Company", mainly defines the definition of equity and equity transfer, including the meaning and classification of equity and equity transfer. The particularity of limited company equity transfer and the theoretical basis of restricting it. The nature of stock right basically belongs to the definition of theory. As far as the practice of this paper is concerned, it mainly lies in clarifying the meaning and system orientation of equity transfer. The root of the particularity of foreign equity transfer of limited company lies in that limited liability company not only has the characteristics of capital combination, but also has some characteristics. The former gives legitimacy to the free transfer of shares to foreign countries. The latter requires necessary restrictions on the transfer of shares to the outside world, and the company law of each country or region needs to make a balanced system response, and the balance of interests between them constitutes the theoretical basis for restricting the transfer of shares to foreign companies. The second part, "legal restriction on the transfer of shares of limited company to foreign countries", mainly discusses the statutory restrictions established in Article 72, paragraph 2, of the Company Law. It can be seen that Article 72, paragraph 2, of the Company Law adopts a statutory restriction model with both consent rules and preemptive right rules, which is different from the overseas legislation. On the basis of clarifying the structure of the statutory restriction model, This paper analyzes the calculation rules of "half", the applicable premise of preemptive right, the assurance of "equal conditions", the partial exercise of preemptive right and so on. The third part, "the restriction of the transfer of limited company's shares to foreign countries", mainly studies the article 72 (4) of the Company Law. The core problem of this part lies in the relationship between article 72 (4) and paragraph 2 (3). The essence lies in clarifying the normative attribute of article 72, paragraph 4, by means of interpretation and analysis. From the aspect of value judgment and feasibility, it is proved that article 72, paragraph 4, should belong to arbitrary norm, not semi-mandatory norm. Part 4th, "limits of Foreign transfer of Equity of Limited Company", is based on the first two parts, and discusses the solutions that need to be supplemented in the application of Article 72 of the Company Law. The "reasonable restriction rules" in American law are of great significance for reference. In dealing with cases, the size of the company, the purpose of the company and the position of the transfering shareholders in the qualification bureau, the time effect of the transfer restriction, and the formation of the intended restriction clause, The issue of transfer price, and many factors in the case often need to be integrated to be analyzed and judged. In addition, this part also analyzes the effect of the restrictions on the prohibition or disguised prohibition of foreign transfer of shares. The conclusion part reiterates the core point of this paper, that is, the restriction of foreign equity transfer of limited liability company is a concrete manifestation of balancing the property of capital and person. And the judicial practice of our country in dealing with the limited company equity transfer issues should pay attention to and make a clear point of view.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D922.291.91

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