法律上少数人的应然权利研究

发布时间：2018-05-27 15:25

本文选题：少数人 + 正义　；参考：《苏州大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 自西方文艺复兴和宗教革命引发反抗特权与不平等的运动以降,多数至上主义思想盛行于现代民主国家中。在此思想影响下,从民主政治的多数统治、社群主义和功利主义,到公司和公司法的资本多数决,再到作为权利救济最后手段的司法裁判的多数决等,多数决作为一种可最大限度实现决策效率的规则广泛适用于社会各领域。该规则基于两个假定:多数人的共同智识比少数人的智识更具真理性,以及多数人利益优先于少数人利益。而这些也隐含着多数至上主义和多数决的最大危险,即多数暴政,它易造成对少数人权利的无情剥夺,最后导致民主政治的破产。基于正义目的,少数人也值得尊重和保护,从法律角度论证少数人具有应然权利的总体思路是:首先阐述学理、国际法规范、宪法学意义上少数人的概念;其次,以多数至上主义为出发点,主要从实体民主理论和程序民主理论、以德沃金和罗尔斯理论为代表的新自由主义理论、反功利主义理论分别论证少数人权利的正当性;第三,论述立法和司法实践中的少数人问题,对于制定法,分别列举并分析了国际法规范、宪法及其他部门法中的单行法关于少数人的法律规定;对于司法实践,区分作为司法者的少数派法官和在社会生活中处于少数人地位的诉讼当事人,总结出少数人在立法和司法上与多数人相同和相异的权利类型;第四,在分析了理论、立法和司法实践的基础上,提出通过允许少数人的非暴力反抗,建立司法判决少数意见书制度,以及平等对待所有人和特别优待处于不利地位的少数人来保障少数人应然权利的实现。虽如此,但无意于颠覆民主制和多数决规则,而是提供一种反思,旨在强调只有在重视多数人的同时尊重和保护少数人才能真正实现社会的普遍正义。
[Abstract]:Since the Western Renaissance and religious revolution triggered a movement against privilege and inequality, majority supremacy has prevailed in modern democracies. Under the influence of this thought, from the majority rule of democratic politics, communitarianism and utilitarianism, to the capital majority decision of company and company law, to the majority decision of judicial decision as the last measure of right remedy, etc. Majority decision, as a rule which can maximize the efficiency of decision-making, is widely used in all fields of society. The rule is based on two assumptions: the common wisdom of the majority is more genuine than the wisdom of the minority, and the interests of the majority take precedence over the interests of the minority. These also imply the greatest danger of majority supremacy and majority decision, that is, majority tyranny, which can easily lead to the ruthless deprivation of minority rights and finally to the bankruptcy of democratic politics. For the purpose of justice, the minority is also worthy of respect and protection. The general idea of demonstrating that the minority has the right from the legal point of view is: first, to expound the academic theory, the norms of international law, and the concept of the minority in the sense of constitutional law; secondly, to demonstrate the concept of minority in the sense of constitutional law. Taking the majority supremacy as the starting point, mainly from the substantive democracy theory and the procedure democracy theory, the new liberalism theory represented by Dworkin and Rawls theory, the anti-utilitarianism theory respectively proves the minority rights legitimacy; third, This paper discusses the minority issues in legislative and judicial practice, enumerates and analyzes the legal provisions on minorities in the norms of international law, the Constitution and other departmental laws, and the judicial practice, Distinguishing the minority judges as the judiciary from the litigants who are in the minority position in the social life, and summing up the types of rights of the minorities which are the same and different from the majority in the legislation and the judicature; fourthly, in the analysis of the theory, On the basis of legislation and judicial practice, it is proposed to establish a system of minority opinions on judicial decisions by allowing non-violent resistance by minorities. And equal treatment of all and special treatment of disadvantaged minorities to protect the realization of minority rights. Nevertheless, it is not intended to subvert democracy and the rules of majority determination, but rather to provide a reflection aimed at emphasizing that universal justice in society can be truly achieved only by respecting and protecting minorities while paying attention to the majority.
【学位授予单位】：苏州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D90

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