论WTO《TBT协定》规制技术性贸易壁垒之不足及其弥补

发布时间：2018-01-25 03:40

本文关键词： WTO 《TBT协定》规制　出处：《南京大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：技术性贸易壁垒是新型贸易壁垒,属于非关税贸易壁垒的范畴。随着产品技术的不断创新,生产水平的不断提高,消费者对于产品的要求不断严格,国家对于产品制造过程中产生的环境保护、人类动植物生命健康保护以及防止欺诈的关注程度日切。在此背景下,进口国不断提高产品的技术标准、市场准入门槛,这些措施某种程度上影响了贸易的发展,技术性贸易壁垒由此产生。技术性贸易壁垒对于贸易的负面影响巨大,各国因此而遭受的贸易损失不断扩大。情势所迫,国际社会已对必需规制与消除形态多样的非关税贸易壁垒达成共识,《技术性贸易壁垒协定》是WTO下专门规制技术性贸易壁垒的规范性文件。技术性贸易壁垒有形式多样、易于隐蔽、且效果显著的特点,而且在全球范围内有愈演愈烈之势。发达国家与发展中国家间、发达国家之间都存在众多技术性贸易壁垒。《技术性贸易壁垒协定》主要从产品的技术法规、标准与合格评定程序方面来规范产品的进口标准。该协定在以下几方面存在规制技术性贸易壁垒的不足：涉及的核心法律概念与法律术语定义模糊,给实践运用带来困难；“等效原则”在技术法规推行中有碍国家经济主权；“相互承认原则”难以实际实行：“发展中国家的特殊和差别待遇原则”缺乏约束难以实现；对于标准化机构选择的宽松态度容易被利用,易于设置技术性贸易壁垒；在合格评定程序方面,创新设置的投诉制度难以解决现实纠纷；对于各国普遍认可的第三方认证机构没有给予认可,使得国家间合格评定程序不统一易于造成纠纷。鉴于上述情况,结合WTO运行机制,利用现有的措施与制度,可以试图从以下几个方面弥补《技术性贸易壁垒协定》规制的不足之处：WTO争端解决机构DSB可以通过上诉报告或者重要补遗的形式对核心法律概念、法律术语作出明确阐述与规范,避免重复解释,避免涵义模糊而致的不公；为避开与国家经济主权的对抗,将创设的“等效性原则”推行于产品的标准与合格评定程序层而,而不是技术法规层面；演化已有的“观察员”制度,加强与国际大型标准化机构之间的合作,共同管理国际标准秩序；认可第三方认证制度的合法；重视技术专家小组在争端解决中的作用,技术性贸易壁垒委员会注重专门人才的认可与培养；技术性贸易壁垒委员会经WTO授权尝试建立公开报告制度,以考核发达国家对于发展中国家技术援助的情况,促进发达国家落实“发展中国家的特殊和差别待遇原则”,供发展中国家参考选择贸易伙伴,更好地建立国际贸易秩序。
[Abstract]:Technical barriers to trade (TBT) is a new type of trade barrier, which belongs to the category of non-tariff trade barriers. With the continuous innovation of product technology and the continuous improvement of production level, consumers' requirements for products are constantly strict. Countries are increasingly concerned about the environmental protection, the health protection of human animals and plants, and the prevention of fraud arising from the manufacturing process. In this context, importing countries are constantly raising the technical standards of products. The threshold of market access, these measures to some extent affect the development of trade, technical barriers to trade. Technical barriers to trade have a great negative impact on trade. The international community has reached a consensus on the need to regulate and eliminate various forms of non-tariff barriers to trade. The Agreement on Technical barriers to Trade (TBT) is a normative document specifically regulating TBT under WTO. Technical barriers to Trade (TBT) are characterized by various forms, easy concealment, and remarkable effect, and they are becoming more and more intense in the global scope, between developed and developing countries. There are many technical barriers to trade between developed countries. The Agreement on Technical barriers to Trade mainly comes from the technical regulations of products. The agreement has some shortcomings in regulating TBT in the following aspects: the definition of core legal concepts and legal terms is vague. Bring difficulties to practice; The "principle of equivalence" hinders national economic sovereignty in the implementation of technical laws and regulations; The principle of mutual recognition is difficult to implement in practice and the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries is difficult to achieve without constraints; The loose attitude to the standardization organization is easy to be used, and it is easy to set up technical barriers to trade; In the aspect of conformity assessment procedure, the innovative complaint system is difficult to solve the actual disputes; Due to the non-recognition of the universally recognized third-party certification bodies, it is easy to cause disputes because of the disunity of conformity assessment procedures between countries. In view of the above situation, combined with the WTO operation mechanism, using the existing measures and systems. We can try to make up the deficiency of TBT Agreement from the following aspects: DSB can make up the core legal concept by appellate report or important supplement form. The legal terms are clearly stated and standardized to avoid repeated interpretations and to avoid the injustice caused by the ambiguity of the meaning. In order to avoid the confrontation with national economic sovereignty, the "equivalence principle" will be created in the product standards and conformity assessment procedures, rather than the level of technical regulations; Evolution of the existing "observer" system to strengthen cooperation with large international standardization bodies and to jointly manage the international standard order; To recognize the legitimacy of the third party certification system; Emphasis should be placed on the role of technical expert groups in dispute settlement, and the Technical barriers to Trade Committee should pay attention to the recognition and cultivation of specialized personnel; The Technical barriers to Trade Commission (TBT) has been authorized by the WTO to try to establish an open reporting system to assess the technical assistance provided by developed countries to developing countries. To promote the implementation by developed countries of the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, so as to provide reference for developing countries to choose their trading partners and to better establish an international trade order.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D996.1

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