奥巴马政府以来的美国北极战略研究

发布时间：2018-01-29 11:14

本文关键词： 北极战略奥巴马政府特朗普政府气候问题　出处：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：由于全球气候变暖,北极地区从一个鲜有人涉足的冰雪之地,变成了在军事、航运、安全、经济、资源、科研等方面都具有重大战略价值的宝地。世界各国尤其是环北极国家均看到了北极这一优势,纷纷出台了国家北极战略,并采取相关行动,北极渐渐成为利益博弈的热点地区。奥巴马上台后,美国于2013年出台了《北极地区国家战略》,标志着奥巴马政府的北极战略基本形成。在此背景下,本文将从理论与实证两个层面对美国北极战略进行系统梳理,主要对北极地区的战略价值,以及奥巴马政府北极战略动因、内容、特点以及实施困境进行阐述,并分析特朗普总统上台后美国北极战略的发展趋势。在对国内外相关理论及文献的系统分析基础上,本文认为北极在美国全球战略中扮演着越来越重要的角色。首先,北极拥有大量的油气、煤炭以及矿产资源,能为现代工业化社会提供发展条件;其次,特殊的地理位置、无冰期的延长带来常年通航的可能性,显露出了巨大的经济价值和军事战略价值;此外,作为资源宝库,它在自然科学方面所具备的科研价值也不可小觑。除了重要的战略价值,美国一贯的霸权主义思维路径也决定着美国不会放弃北极地区领导权的争夺,再加上其他各国尤其是俄罗斯的激烈竞争,美国出于维护国家安全的需要,必须施行国家层面的北极战略。美国在北极地区活动的终极目标就是维护国家核心利益,通过军事手段和国际合作,实现北极地区的可持续、和平发展,并确保美国在北极区域的引领。通过对一系列的战略文件以及实施计划文件的解析,我们发现美国在北极事务上已经取得实质性进展,包括破冰船的建设、通讯系统以及导弹预警系统的部署、联合军演、出任北极理事会主席国等等。然而在战略的实施过程中,美国政府也面临着一些困境。第一,北极地区的生态问题和全球气候问题让北极开发受限;第二,在北极采取军事活动会对北极地区的和平与稳定产生不良影响;第三,在美国财政结构性赤字严重的情况下,为北极开发提供资金支持的能力有限;第四,美国在北极地区基础设施建设方面相对落后,开发能力不足。2017年美国政府更新换代,唐纳德·特朗普上台执政,这给北极战略走向带来了更多的变数。新一届政府是否会延续奥巴马政府的北极战略,或是采取截然不同的战略态度,是一个值得探讨的问题。不过就目前趋势来看,特朗普政府在气候问题上与奥巴马政府基本背道而驰,而且新政府有望加快推进批准《联合国海洋法公约》进程,加快石油等化石燃料的开发进程,经济利益也将成为北极战略的重点。总之,本文将通过分析北极地区的整体战略地位,系统梳理美国北极战略的内容及发展趋势,以便我国更加全面的了解北极地区,并从中获得战略借鉴。
[Abstract]:As a result of global warming, the Arctic has moved from a land of snow and ice that few people have set foot to military, shipping, security, economy, and resources. Scientific research and other aspects are of great strategic value. Countries all over the world, especially the countries around the Arctic, have seen the advantages of the Arctic, have issued a national Arctic strategy, and take relevant actions. The Arctic has gradually become a hot spot in the interest game. After Obama came to power, the United States issued the Arctic National Strategy in 2013, which marked the basic formation of the Arctic strategy of Obama administration. Under this background. This paper will systematically comb the Arctic strategy of the United States from the theoretical and empirical aspects, mainly on the strategic value of the Arctic region, as well as the Obama administration's Arctic strategic motivation, content, characteristics and implementation difficulties. It also analyzes the development trend of American Arctic strategy after President Trump came to power. Based on the systematic analysis of relevant theories and literature at home and abroad. This paper holds that the Arctic is playing a more and more important role in the global strategy of the United States. Firstly, the Arctic has a large amount of oil and gas, coal and mineral resources, which can provide the conditions for the development of modern industrialized society. Secondly, the special geographical location, the prolongation of the ice-free period brings the possibility of navigation all year round, which reveals the huge economic value and military strategic value. In addition, as a treasure trove of resources, its scientific research value in natural science can not be underestimated, in addition to the important strategic value. The hegemonic thinking path of the United States has also decided that the United States will not give up the leadership of the Arctic, coupled with the fierce competition of other countries, especially Russia, the United States out of the need to safeguard national security. The ultimate goal of United States activities in the Arctic region is to safeguard the core interests of the country and to achieve the sustainable and peaceful development of the Arctic region through military means and international cooperation. And ensure that the United States leads the Arctic region. Through the analysis of a series of strategic documents and implementation plan documents, we find that the United States has made substantial progress in Arctic affairs, including the building of icebreakers. The deployment of communication systems and missile early warning systems, joint military exercises, the presidency of the Arctic Council, and so on. However, in the implementation of the strategy, the United States government also faces some difficulties. First. Ecological problems and global climate problems in the Arctic limit Arctic development; Secondly, military activities in the Arctic would have a negative impact on peace and stability in the Arctic region; Third, the ability to finance Arctic development is limited in the face of severe fiscal structural deficits in the United States; In 4th, the United States was relatively backward in infrastructure development in the Arctic, and its development capacity was inadequate. In 2017, the United States government was replaced, and Donald Trump came to power. This brings more uncertainty to the direction of the Arctic strategy. Whether the new administration will continue the Obama administration's Arctic strategy or adopt a different strategic attitude. It's a question worth exploring. But in terms of current trends, the Trump administration basically runs counter to the Obama administration on climate issues. Moreover, the new government is expected to speed up the process of ratification of UNCLOS and the development of fossil fuels such as oil, and economic benefits will also be the focus of Arctic strategy. This paper will analyze the overall strategic position of the Arctic region, systematically comb the content and development trend of the Arctic strategy of the United States, so that our country can get a more comprehensive understanding of the Arctic region and learn from it.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D871.2;D993.5

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