《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》损害赔偿计算研究

发布时间：2018-03-10 12:28

本文选题：损害赔偿　切入点：宣告合同无效　出处：《山东大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》(以下简称“公约”)是人类历史上第一次在世界范围内所确立的为不同国家所共同承认的、统一的国际货物贸易实体法规范。公约的一项重大成就是确立了违约损害赔偿制度,而损害赔偿的计算则可视为这一制度的核心。公约用一个独立的章节共四个条文(74条至77条)对损害赔偿进行了规定。公约虽然规定了较为合理完整的损害赔偿制度,但国际商事合同违约损害赔偿涉及到公平、道德、商业交易的效益等诸多问题,在理论和实践中极为复杂,特别是对于哪些损失是可以获得补偿以及损失的计算问题,还有针对时价以及替代交易价格的计算问题等方面尤为复杂。因此,本文主要是以公约的规定(74至77条)为基础,并结合其他条文,从整体和部分两个相互关联的角度来剖析损害赔偿的计算办法,将公约关于损害赔偿的计算分为两种情形,一种是一般情形下的损害赔偿计算规则,在这一情形下,当事人是按照公约第74条所暗含的完全赔偿原则请求损害赔偿,但要受可预见性原则及减损规则的约束和限制。根据完全赔偿原则,受损害方有权获得的损害赔偿为包括利润在内的全部损失,但并未明确哪些类型的损失是可以获得赔偿的,据此,本文结合贸易实践做法及相关判例,将受损害方通常情形下可以主张赔偿的损失类型归纳为九种；另一种则是特殊情形下的损害赔偿计算,即宣告合同无效后的损害赔偿计算。根据公约的规定,宣告合同无效后的损害赔偿计算方法有两个：个是受损害方在完成了替代交易情况下的计算方法,此时受损害方可以获得替代交易价格与合同价格之间的差额赔偿；另一个是不存在替代交易情况下的计算方法,此时受损害方可以获得时价与合同价格之间的差额赔偿。然而公约对替代交易及时价等问题规定的不够明确,为此本文对替代交易的适用条件及时价的确定标准作了详细的论述。同时,本文也将从各个主要贸易国家对损害赔偿的相关规定及实践做法入手,采取比较分析的方法,并结合公约的规定,从而帮助不同国家的合同当事人在缔约前能了解各国相关法律的不同规定,从而选择更为有利的解决合同纠纷的准据法；另外本文也从局部入手,以损害赔偿计算中具有争议性的问题并结合相关案例展开具体研究,从中梳理出较为合理的计算方法；最后,笔者根据前述分析,建议当事人在订立国际货物销售合同时,最好能在合同中约定损害赔偿的计算方法,并作为合同条款之一予以遵守,即使发生纠纷,当事人也可以援引合同约定要求违约方承担相应的责任或请求法院或仲裁庭予以认定,因为根据意思自治原则,当事人的约定是优先的,且可以排除公约的适用。
[Abstract]:The United Nations Convention on contracts for the International Sale of goods (hereinafter referred to as "the Convention") is the first time in the history of mankind that the United Nations Convention on contracts for the International Sale of goods is recognized by different countries for the first time in the world. Uniform substantive law on international trade in goods. One of the major achievements of the Convention is the establishment of the system of compensation for damages for breach of contract, The calculation of damages may be regarded as the core of the system. The Convention provides for damages in a separate section of four articles (74 to 77). Although the Convention provides for a more reasonable and complete system of compensation for damages, the compensation for breach of contract in international commercial contracts involves many problems, such as fairness, morality, and the benefits of commercial transactions, which are extremely complex in theory and practice. In particular, the question of which losses can be compensated and the calculation of losses, as well as the calculation of current prices and alternative transaction prices, are particularly complex. Therefore, this paper is based mainly on articles 74 to 77 of the Convention. Combined with other articles, this paper analyzes the calculation method of damage compensation from the angle of whole and part, and divides the calculation of damage compensation into two cases, one is the rule of calculation of damages under general circumstances. In this case, the parties claim damages in accordance with the principle of full reparation implicit in article 74 of the Convention, subject to the principle of predictability and rules of derogation... in accordance with the principle of full reparation, The damages to which the aggrieved party is entitled are all losses, including profits, but it is not clear which types of losses can be compensated. The types of loss that the aggrieved party may normally claim compensation are grouped into nine types; the other is the calculation of damages under special circumstances, that is, the calculation of damages after the avoidance of the contract. In accordance with the provisions of the Convention, There are two methods to calculate the damage compensation after declaring the contract avoided: one is the calculation method of the aggrieved party in the case of the completion of the substitute transaction, at which time the injured party can obtain the compensation for the difference between the price of the substitute transaction and the price of the contract; The other is the method of calculation in the absence of alternative transactions, where the aggrieved party may receive compensation for the difference between the current price and the contract price. However, the provisions of the Convention on issues such as substitution transactions and current prices are not clear enough, Therefore, this paper makes a detailed discussion on the applicable conditions of alternative transactions and the criteria for determining the current price. At the same time, this paper will start with the relevant regulations and practices of the major trading countries on the compensation for damages, and adopt the method of comparative analysis. Combined with the provisions of the Convention, so as to help the parties to contract in different countries to understand the different provisions of the relevant laws before contracting, so as to choose a more favorable solution to contract disputes applicable law; in addition, this article also from the local point of view, Taking the controversial issues in the calculation of damages and combining with relevant cases to carry out concrete research, the author sorts out a more reasonable calculation method. Finally, according to the above analysis, the author suggests that the parties should conclude a contract for the sale of international goods. It is best to agree in the contract on the method of calculating the damages and to abide by them as one of the terms of the contract, even in the event of a dispute, The parties may also invoke the contractual agreement to hold the breaching party liable or request the court or arbitral tribunal to determine it, because according to the principle of autonomy of will, the agreement of the parties is preferred and the application of the convention can be excluded.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D996.1;D997.1

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