关塔那摩基地阿富汗囚犯的战俘身份之认定及待遇问题研究

发布时间：2018-03-27 17:26

本文选题：关塔那摩基地阿富汗战俘　切入点：1949年《日内瓦四公约》　出处：《湘潭大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：2001年“9·11”恐怖事件发生后,以美国为首的联军针对阿富汗开展了军事打击行动。战争结束后,美军抓获将近600名阿富汗“基地”组织成员和塔利班士兵并将这部分人移转至位于古巴关塔那摩的美国海军军事基地进行关押和审问。2009年初,美国总统奥巴马签署一年内关闭关塔那摩监狱的行政命令,使得被关押在美国关塔那摩基地阿富汗囚犯的“战俘”身份问题受到国际社会的关注。有人认为,奥巴马这一举措意味着美国已经承认关塔那摩基地中的被关押人员具有战俘的地位。然而,美国政府仍然认为关押在关塔那摩的被押人员是“非法交战者”,不具有战俘身份,不能享有1949年《关于战俘待遇的日内瓦公约》(《日内瓦第三公约》)中规定的战俘权利。在关塔那摩基地阿富汗囚犯的战俘身份确定不明的情况下,美国政府没能建立国际人道法所要求的主管法庭并审查其地位,而是将他们关押在关塔那摩,既不起诉也不释放。同时,在关押审讯时,也没有给予关塔纳摩基地阿富汗囚犯应有的人道待遇。不管是从人道法的角度,还是从人权法的角度,美国剥夺关塔那摩基地阿富汗囚犯战俘地位的行为显然违背了国际人道法和国际人权法。文章主要从三个方面展开研究:首先,从国际人道法的角度来看,阿富汗战争是一场国际性武装冲突,1949年《日内瓦四公约》适用于交战的各方,因此也适用于阿富汗冲突中被俘的“基地”组织成员和塔利班士兵。其次,遵照《日内瓦第三公约》和《第一附加议定书》的有关规定,关塔纳摩基地阿富汗“基地”组织成员和塔利班士兵应被推定为战俘而享有相应待遇和保护。对于战俘地位存有疑问的被关押人员,应由《日内瓦第三公约》规定的主管法庭对阿富汗囚犯的战俘身份进行认定。最后,在认定关塔纳摩阿富汗囚犯具有战俘身份后,文章认为关塔纳摩阿富汗囚犯应享有《日内瓦第三公约》规定的战俘待遇,并且提出了关塔纳摩阿富汗囚犯战俘待遇实现的途径。
[Abstract]:After the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, the United States-led coalition forces launched a military strike against Afghanistan. The US military captured nearly 600 Afghan al-Qaida members and Taliban soldiers and transferred them to a US naval base in Guantanamo, Cuba, for detention and interrogation in early 2009. U.S. President Barack Obama has signed an executive order to close Guantanamo prison within a year, drawing international attention to the issue of "prisoner" status of Afghan prisoners held at the Guantanamo base in the United States. Obama's move means the United States has recognized the detainees at Guantanamo as prisoners of war. However, the administration still considers the detainees in Guantanamo "illegal belligerents" and not prisoners of war. Not entitled to the rights of prisoners of war as provided for in the 1949 Geneva Convention relative to the treatment of prisoners of War (the third Geneva Convention)... in cases where the identity of Afghan prisoners at Guant 谩 namo Base is unknown, The United States Government failed to establish the competent courts required by international humanitarian law and to review their status, and instead detained them in Guantanamo, neither for prosecution nor for release... at the same time, during detention and interrogation, Nor have the Afghan prisoners at Guantanamo been given the humane treatment they deserve, whether from the point of view of humanitarian law or from the point of view of human rights law, The deprivation by the United States of the status of prisoners of war in Afghanistan at Guant 谩 namo Base is clearly contrary to international humanitarian law and international human rights law. The article mainly focuses on three aspects: first, from the perspective of international humanitarian law, The war in Afghanistan is an international armed conflict, and the 1949 Geneva Conventions apply to belligerents and, therefore, to members of Al-Qaida and Taliban soldiers captured in the Afghan conflict... second, Guided by the relevant provisions of the third Geneva Convention and additional Protocol I, Members of Al Qaeda in Afghanistan and Taliban soldiers at the Guantanamo base shall be presumed to be prisoners of war and shall enjoy corresponding treatment and protection... detainees whose status of prisoners of war is in doubt, It is for the competent courts under the third Geneva Convention to determine the status of Afghan prisoners as prisoners of war. Finally, after determining that the Afghan prisoners of Guantanamo have the status of prisoners of war, The article holds that the Afghan prisoners of Guantanamo should enjoy the treatment of prisoners of war stipulated in the third Geneva Convention, and puts forward a way to realize the treatment of Afghan prisoners of war in Guantanamo.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D995

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