国际人权条约中的克减条款研究

发布时间：2018-03-28 09:03

本文选题：国际人权条约　切入点：克减条款　出处：《辽宁大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：人权的克减,是国际人权法中的一项重要制度,在许多全球性、区域性人权条约中都有关于人权克减方面的条款。当一国处于紧急状态并危及其生存时,政府一方面要采取必要措施结束这种危急情况以恢复社会秩序的良性运行,另一方面又要尽可能地保护其公民的基本人权不受侵犯,在这一过程中,政府必然要暂时地牺牲个人的权利以维护国家利益。因此在二者之间必然存在冲突。对这一冲突的解决,正是人权克减条款作用之所在,因此,关于人权克减条款的研究有利于我们了解到国家在什么情况下,在多大的程度上可以对人权条约进行克减?哪些权利内容是不可克减的?如何完善现有的人权克减条款从而适应当今保护人权的现实需求?提出并解答这些问题,正是解决上述矛盾冲突的关键。但是,我们也看到:现有人权条约中关于人权克减条款的规定还存在很多不足,如在紧急状态界定、不可克减权利范围、以及该条款在具体实施过程中缺乏可操作性、条约机构对缔约国对这一条款的援引缺乏监督及评价等。同时,当今国际社会在保护人权方面面临的新情况、新困难也要求向现有的人权克减规定中注入新的时代内涵。综上,本文从现有人权条约中关于人权克减的法律规定及克减实践出发,一方面总结现有法律规定及实际适用中存在的问题,另一方面相应提出完善措施。充分发挥人权克减条款在保护人权方面的作用。具体包括如下四个部分: 第一部分,系统论述了全球性、区域性人权条约中克减条款的内容及其相关人权条约机构、各缔约国对克减条款的解释,及其在现实当中的执行情况加以阐述。第二部分,针对第一部分的内容,分别从人权克减条款本身的规定存在的缺陷和不足,以及实际执行过程中反应出来的一些突出问题入手,分析其原因,揭示出完善人权克减条款的必要性和紧迫性。第三部分,这一部分是论文的核心部分,主要是针对上述问题及挑战所提出的改善建议。首先,从适用这一条款的前提——紧急状态谈起,对紧急状态的界定,特别是从国际人权法领域对其进行界定,同时要结合当今保护人权的现实需求。其次,在完善不可克减权利方面,应明确权利行使上的特殊情况,确定不可克减权利范围,逐步完善现有权利保护框架。第三,对该条款在适用过程中涉及的缔约国权利义务方面的规定加以完善,保障其适用过程的合法、合理,提高可操作性。第四,提倡条约机构应加强及完善对各缔约国适用克减条款的整个过程的监督与评价。第四部分,结合我国在突发公共立法方面的实际,并联系文章前三部分的一些观点和看法,试探性地提出一些立法建议。
[Abstract]:Derogation of human rights, an important system of international human rights law, contains provisions on derogations from human rights in many global and regional human rights treaties... when a State is in a state of emergency and endangers its survival, In the process of taking the necessary measures to put an end to this critical situation in order to restore the healthy functioning of social order and, on the other hand, to protect, as far as possible, the fundamental human rights of its citizens, The Government is bound to temporarily sacrifice the rights of the individual in order to safeguard the national interest. Therefore, there must be a conflict between the two. The resolution of this conflict is precisely where the human rights derogation clause functions, therefore, The study of human rights derogations would help us to understand under what circumstances and to what extent States could derogate from human rights treaties. What rights are not subject to derogation? How to improve the existing human rights derogation provisions to meet the current human rights protection needs? Raising and answering these questions is the key to resolving these contradictions and conflicts. However, we also see that there are still many deficiencies in the provisions of existing human rights treaties on human rights derogations, such as the definition of a state of emergency, the scope of non-derogable rights, As well as the lack of operationalization of the article in its implementation, the lack of monitoring and evaluation by treaty bodies of the invocation of this provision by States parties, and, at the same time, the new circumstances facing the international community in the protection of human rights today, The new difficulties also require the injection of a new connotation of the era into the existing human rights derogation provisions. In summary, this paper proceeds from the legal provisions and derogation practices of the existing human rights treaties on human rights derogation. On the one hand, it summarizes the problems existing in the existing legal provisions and their practical application, on the other hand, it puts forward corresponding improvement measures, and gives full play to the role of human rights derogation clauses in the protection of human rights. The first part systematically discusses the contents of derogation clauses in global and regional human rights treaties and their relevant human rights treaty bodies, the interpretations of derogation clauses by all States parties and their implementation in reality. The second part, in view of the content of the first part, analyzes the reasons from the defects and shortcomings of the provisions of the human rights derogation clause itself, as well as some outstanding problems reflected in the actual implementation process. It reveals the necessity and urgency of perfecting the human rights derogation clause. The third part, this part is the core part of the paper, mainly aiming at the above problems and challenges put forward to improve the proposal. First, from the application of this article premise-state of emergency, the definition of the state of emergency, In particular, it should be defined from the field of international human rights law, while at the same time taking into account the practical needs for the protection of human rights today. Secondly, with regard to the perfection of non-derogable rights, the special circumstances of the exercise of rights should be clarified and the scope of non-derogable rights should be determined. Third, to perfect the provisions concerning the rights and obligations of the States parties involved in the application of the article, to guarantee the legality, reasonableness and maneuverability of the application process. To advocate that treaty bodies should strengthen and improve the monitoring and evaluation of the whole process of application of derogations to States parties. The fourth part, combined with the reality of public emergency legislation in our country, and connecting with some viewpoints and views of the first three parts of the article, tentatively puts forward some legislative suggestions.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D998.2

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