论公海环境保护制度的完善

发布时间：2018-04-09 01:22

本文选题：公海　切入点：环境污染　出处：《华东政法大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：公海位于各国主权管辖范围之外，其目前法律制度的基础是公海自由原则。本文从公海特殊的国际法属性出发，通过阐述近年来公海在环境保护和污染治理方面所遇到的困境，提出一些可行的解决方案，同时呼吁国际社会加强对该问题的关注。本文第一部分重点阐述公海污染的现状以及造成该现状的重要原因。指出随着经济发展和人类生产能力的提高，公海环境污染的来源大为增加，规模日益庞大，逐渐超出海洋本身的自净能力。而由于公海所具有的特殊法律性质，公海污染的防治工作面临困境。第二部分，阐述国际法上关于环境污染的一般归责原则，提出无论是环境法上传统的违法性原则还是新近发展的“国际法不加禁止之行为”产生的国家责任都无法完全适用于公海环境污染追责的客观需求，并据此指出适用于公海污染损害所需的特殊归责原则应具有的要点，同时对公海污染承担责任的具体形式进行讨论和归纳。第三部分，通过对相关防治公海污染的法律及条约进行梳理，，发现现存规制远不能满足日益严峻的污染治理需求。进而针对目前缺乏专门性公海污染防治公约的现状，提出制订专门性国际公约的设想，并对该设想公约的主旨、概念和具体制度进行讨论。第四部分，通过对现存公海管理机构的分析和阐述，发现目前在公海管理问题上，仍缺乏一个职权清晰明确的全球性管理机构进行统一管理和控制。并针对目前公海污染缺乏全球性统一管理组织的现状，提出设立专门性管理机构的建议；此外，本部分还提出设立公海环境专项基金，以对公海环境保护和污染治理提供资金支持。第五部分，针对国际法上新近出现的建立“公海保护区”以保护公海生态环境的观点和趋势进行分析，指出“公海保护区”是一种保护公海环境有效和可行的方式，但对其中可能存在的问题亦明确指出，并提出在不违背公海自由原则的前提下，通过区域合作方式建立“公海保护区”是可行的方案。第六部分，通过对本文全部内容进行梳理和总结，进一步强调公海环境保护的重要性，防治公海污染对人类而言意义重大。
[Abstract]:The high seas lie outside the sovereign jurisdiction of States, and their current legal system is based on the principle of freedom of the high seas.Starting from the special international law attribute of the high seas, this paper expounds the difficulties encountered by the high seas in environmental protection and pollution control in recent years, puts forward some feasible solutions, and appeals to the international community to pay more attention to this problem.The first part of this paper focuses on the status quo of high seas pollution and the important reasons for this situation.It is pointed out that with the development of economy and the improvement of human production capacity, the sources of environmental pollution in the high seas are increasing greatly, and the scale is increasing, which gradually exceeds the self-purification ability of the ocean itself.Due to the special legal nature of the high seas, the prevention and control of high seas pollution is facing difficulties.The second part, expound the general imputation principle of environmental pollution in international law,Proposing that neither the traditional principle of lawlessness in environmental law nor the State responsibility arising from the newly developed "acts not prohibited by international law" can be fully applied to the objective need of environmental pollution liability on the high seas,The main points of the special imputation principle applicable to high seas pollution damage are pointed out, and the concrete forms of high seas pollution liability are discussed and summarized.In the third part, by combing the relevant laws and treaties to prevent and control pollution in the high seas, it is found that the existing regulations are far from satisfying the increasingly severe demand for pollution control.In view of the present situation of the lack of a special convention on the prevention and control of high seas pollution, this paper puts forward the idea of making a special international convention, and discusses the main idea, concept and concrete system of the convention.In the fourth part, through the analysis and elaboration of the existing high seas management agencies, it is found that there is still a lack of a clear and clear global management organization to carry out unified management and control in the management of the high seas.In view of the current situation of the lack of a global unified management organization for high seas pollution, a proposal for the establishment of a specialized management body is put forward. In addition, this section also proposes the establishment of a special fund for the environment of the high seas.To provide financial support for environmental protection and pollution control on the high seas.In the fifth part, the author analyzes the new ideas and trends of establishing "high seas protected areas" in international law to protect the ecological environment of the high seas, and points out that "high seas protected areas" is an effective and feasible way to protect the environment of the high seas.However, the possible problems are also pointed out, and it is suggested that it is feasible to establish "high seas protected areas" through regional cooperation without violating the principle of freedom of the high seas.The sixth part, through combing and summing up the whole content of this paper, further emphasizes the importance of environmental protection of the high seas, and the prevention and control of high seas pollution is of great significance to human beings.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D996.9

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