现代海盗问题的国际法视角审视

发布时间：2018-05-18 10:26

本文选题：海盗行为 + 联合国海洋法公约　；参考：《复旦大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：本论文试图阐明国际法中有关海盗与海盗行为的理论问题与实践应对,就国际法中海盗问题的历史与现状进行梳理,总结现代海盗的特点,并通过探讨相关案例,缕析有关海盗问题的立法,尤其是1982年《联合国海洋法公约》中涉及海盗问题的条款,进而分析在各种模式中解决海盗问题的机制与方式,最后针对当今国际社会应该如何应对海盗问题提出建议。本文分引言,正文和结论三部分,其中正文部分分为四章。第一章介绍了海盗问题的发展历史。该部分以时间为主线,分别介绍了古希腊罗马时期,中世纪,近代以及现代的海盗问题。在古希腊罗马时期海盗行为并不意味着在现代国际法下的犯罪或违法行为,它只是一种政治行为。即使在中世纪海盗行为也不构成非法行为,世人对海盗的定义与定位仍不明确。17到18世纪中叶,随着新大陆的发现和新航道的开辟,极大促进了世界航运的发展。随着海上贸易的频繁,海盗的发展也进入黄金期。在近代时期,国家权力的增长,确实重挫了盛极一时的海盗,而在法律理论层面上,英国首先主张海盗行为是非法行为,并最早对海盗行为采取立法行动。在20世纪中后期,大多说国际法学者认同海盗行为是破坏国际秩序与公海安全的一项罪行,是“人类公敌”,是国际罪行,应置于普遍管辖下,各国均得逮捕、审判并给予处罚。国际法学者对海盗行为的定义并无一致看法,尽管如此,在国际法律文件方面,在19世纪末及20世纪,国际社会出现了一系列制裁海盗行为的条约,尤其是1982年《联合国海洋法公约》对海盗行为做出一系列原则性规定,使缔约各国在公海上缉捕海盗时有法可依。2008年以来,面对日益严重的索马里海盗问题,联合国安理会通过了一系列的决议案,鼓励国际社会共同打击海盗行为。本章还对现代国际社会在打击海盗行为时遇到的问题进行了论述。通过该章的介绍,我们可以对海盗问题的发展历史有一个比较清晰的认识,具备更宽广的视野。第二章介绍了规制海盗问题的国际规范的演进过程。在习惯法方面,主要介绍了对海盗行为的处置原则—普遍管辖原则在国际习惯法上的确立过程。在成文法方面,主要列举了1889年《蒙特维多公约》、1922年《华盛顿宣言》、1937年的《尼翁协定》、1926年《国际联盟国际法渐进编纂专家委员会分会报告》、1932年《哈佛海盗行为研究草案》、1958年《日内瓦公海公约》、1982年《联合国海洋法公约》、1988年《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约》的对海盗行为(或海上非法行为)的相关规定。通过该部分的介绍,可以清晰地看到规制海盗问题的国际习惯法和成文法的发展历程。第三章为对打击海盗行为的现行国际法规范的评述。本章围绕《海洋法公约》和《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约》中海盗行为定义和普遍管辖权原则展开分析。《海洋法公约》对于海盗行为的定义存在一定的缺陷,而《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约》尽管为完善海盗行为定义作出了很大的努力,但由于签署国家的普遍性和权威性不够,使得其对于打击海盗行为的力度不够。尽管两部公约均对海盗行为规定了普遍管辖原则,但是由于规定本身的不足和各国国内法的不完善,使得对于海盗行为的普遍管辖并未落到实处。该部分主要对现行国际法规范对海盗行为的定义及对海盗行为的管辖权的规定进行分析,并分析总结现行国际法规范在应对现代海盗问题时出现的困境。第四章是针对现行国际法规范在打击海盗行为时遇到的困境提出建议。该部分针对第三章分析的问题,对现行国际法规范提出个人的完善建议。定义方面,建议国际社会缔结一个专门的惩治海盗行为的公约,将《海洋法公约》规定的海盗行为与国际海事局所称的“武装劫船的行为”都列为国际社会共同打击的对象。在管辖权的完善方面,分析国际刑事法院管辖海盗犯罪的不可能性,建议建立针对海盗的护航机制,并推动区域性合作打击海盗机制的建立。另外,呼吁国际社会在应对海盗问题的挑战时,充分尊重联合国安理会的主导地位,服从安理会的各项决议,以期早日解决海盗问题。
[Abstract]:This thesis attempts to clarify the theoretical and practical countermeasures of piracy and piracy in international law, combing the history and present situation of piracy in international law, summarizing the characteristics of modern pirates, and analyzing relevant cases and analyzing the legislation on piracy, especially in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the law of the sea involving piracy. In addition, the article analyzes the mechanism and ways to solve the piracy problem in various modes. Finally, it puts forward some suggestions on how the international community should deal with the piracy problem.
This article is divided into three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The body part is divided into four chapters.
The first chapter introduces the history of piracy. This part introduces the piracy of ancient Greece and Rome, medieval, modern and modern, with time as the main line. In ancient Greece and Rome, piracy did not mean crimes or illegal acts under modern international law. It was only a political act, even in the Middle Ages. Piracy does not constitute an illegal act. The definition and positioning of the pirates are still not clear from.17 to the middle of the eighteenth Century. With the discovery of the new continent and the opening of the new channel, the development of world shipping is greatly promoted. With the frequent maritime trade, the development of pirates has also entered the golden period. In modern times, the growth of state power has indeed been setback. In the legal theory level, the British first advocated piracy is illegal, and the first legislative action on piracy. In the middle and late twentieth Century, most of the international law scholars agreed that piracy is a crime that destroys the international order and the security of the high seas. It is a "human public enemy" and an international crime. Under universal jurisdiction, all countries have to be arrested, tried and punished. International law scholars have no agreement on the definition of piracy. Nevertheless, in the international legal documents, in the end of nineteenth Century and twentieth Century, a series of treaties on piracy have emerged in the international community, especially in 1982 < United Nations Convention on the law of the sea > against pirates. The act makes a series of principles to make it possible for the States parties to arrest pirates on the high seas. Since.2008 years, the United Nations Security Council has adopted a series of resolutions to encourage the international community to combat piracy. This chapter also deals with the international community in the fight against piracy. The issue is discussed. Through the introduction of this chapter, we can have a clearer understanding of the history of piracy and have a broader vision.
The second chapter introduces the evolution process of international norms governing piracy. In the field of customary law, it mainly introduces the principle of dealing with piracy - the process of establishing universal jurisdiction in international customary law. In the aspect of written law, it mainly lists the Mont - vido convention in 1889, 1922 < Washington declaration >, and the 1937 < Ni - on agreement. >, report of the 1926 branch of the International Association of international law codification experts committee, the draft of the Harvard piracy study 1932, the 1958 Geneva high seas convention, the 1982 < United Nations Convention on the law of the sea, and the Convention for the suppression of illegal acts of endangering the safety of maritime navigation (or illegal acts at sea). The introduction of this part can clearly see the development process of international customary law and statute law regulating piracy.
The third chapter is a review of the current norms of international law on combating piracy. This chapter focuses on the analysis of the definition of piracy and the principle of universal jurisdiction in the Convention on the law of the sea and the Convention for the suppression of the illegal act on the safety of maritime navigation. < Convention on the law of the sea > holds certain defects in the definition of piracy, and < combating maritime aviation from jeopardize. Although the Convention on security and illegal acts has made great efforts to improve the definition of piracy, it is not enough for the fight against piracy because of the lack of universal and authoritative signature of the state. Although the two conventions have all the principles of universal jurisdiction over piracy, it is due to the limitations of the regulations and in the countries of the country. The imperfection of law makes the universal jurisdiction of piracy do not come true. This part mainly analyzes the definition of piracy and the jurisdiction of piracy in current international law norms, and analyzes and summarizes the plight of current international law norms in dealing with modern pirate questions.
The fourth chapter puts forward suggestions on the difficulties encountered by the current norms of international law in the fight against piracy. This part, in view of the analysis of the third chapter, puts forward suggestions for the improvement of the current norms of international law. In the definition, it is suggested that the international community conclude a special Convention on the punishment of piracy, and the pirates stipulated in the Convention on the law of the sea. The conduct of the "armed hijacking", which is called by the international maritime bureau, is listed as an object of joint attack by the international community. In the perfection of the jurisdiction, the impossibility of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court on piracy is analyzed. It is suggested to establish a protective mechanism against pirates, and to promote the establishment of regional cooperation in the fight against piracy. In response to the challenge of piracy, the international community fully respects the leading position of the UN Security Council and obeys the resolutions of the Security Council in order to solve the piracy problem at an early date.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D997.9

【引证文献】