WTO框架下公共道德例外条款探析

发布时间：2018-05-18 14:15

本文选题：WTO公共道德例外 + 公共道德的界定　；参考：《中国政法大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：WTO框架内有多个协议均将公共道德例外条款作为一般例外予以规定,然而公共道德例外条款的内涵和外延却在几十年内处于模糊状态。“美国——影响跨境提供赌博和博彩服务措施案”(后文简称“美国赌博案”)为该条款的发展做出了突出的贡献,专家组和上诉机构分别对公共道德例外条款进行了阐释,这是WTO体制内第一次通过争端解决对“公共道德”和“公共秩序”这一敏感问题进行阐释,该案也被誉为“公共道德例外条款的新发展”。而在最近的“中国——影响出版物和娱乐用音像制品贸易权和分销服务措施案”(后文简称中美出版物案)中,中国也援引了公共道德例外条款予以抗辩,还进而引发了GATT中的例外条款可否延伸适用于入世议定书等问题。WTO旨在通过消除各种贸易障碍来促进国际贸易,但如果一项交易会对一国公共道德造成威胁,若不对该交易采取相关措施予以必要限制,则必将对该国利益造成损害并妨害其所追求的公共目标的实现。因此,如何对援用该例外条款进行科学、合理的限制,来寻求全球贸易自由化与保护各成员国文化多样性之间的平衡就显得尤为重要。对于公共道德例外条款进行研究并对其援用要求进行释明,对WTO体制内自由贸易追求与公共道德保护之关系等问题的走向以及中国在今后争端中的应对具有重要意义。本文主要分为四个部分:第一部分首先介绍了一般意义上的公共道德及其作用,正是由于其具有为道德人格的养成提供理性依据、为道德行为提供价值判断、为道德遵守提供约束等重要作用,因此国内法与WTO协定均将其纳入并予以保护;第二部分主要介绍WTO保护公共道德例外的法律框架,首先明确了WTO对公共道德这一概念采取“国别主义”进行界定,接着具体列明了WTO框架内GATT、GATS等四个协议对公共道德例外的具体要求;第三部分,也是本文的主体部分,主要通过对美国赌博案及中国出版物案专家组及上诉机构报告的分析,来具体探析WTO框架内公共道德例外条款的适用原则、顺序要求以及必要限制;第四部分则在对上述内容进行分析的基础上,总结出了中国在今后的争端解决过程中援用该例外条款的具体策略。
[Abstract]:There are many agreements within the framework of WTO which provide for public moral exception clauses as general exceptions. However, the connotation and extension of public moral exception clauses are in a vague state for several decades. The United States-measures affecting Cross-border provision of Gambling and betting Services (hereinafter referred to as the American Gambling case) has made a significant contribution to the development of this provision, and the Panel of experts and the Appellate body have separately interpreted the public ethics exception clause. This is the first time in the WTO system to explain the sensitive issues of "public morality" and "public order" through dispute settlement, which is also regarded as "the new development of the exception clause of public morality". In the recent case of "China-measures affecting the right to Trade in Publications and Entertainment Audio-visual products and Distribution Services" (hereinafter referred to as the Sino-US publication case), China also invoked the public morality exception clause as a defence. It also raises the question of whether the exception clauses in the GATT can be extended to the WTO Protocol. The purpose of the WTO is to promote international trade by removing various trade obstacles, but if a transaction poses a threat to the public morals of a country, Without the necessary restrictions on the transaction, the interests of the country will be harmed and the realization of the public objectives pursued will be hindered. Therefore, it is very important to find the balance between the global trade liberalization and the protection of the cultural diversity of the member countries. It is of great significance to study the exception clause of public morality and explain its application requirement, to the trend of the relationship between the pursuit of free trade and the protection of public morality within the WTO system, and to deal with China's disputes in the future. This paper is mainly divided into four parts: the first part introduces the general sense of public morality and its role, precisely because it provides rational basis for the cultivation of moral personality and provides value judgment for moral behavior. The second part mainly introduces the legal framework of WTO to protect the public morality exception. Firstly, this paper defines the concept of public morality by "nationalism", and then specifies the specific requirements of the four agreements in the framework of WTO for the exception of public morality. The third part is also the main part of this paper. Mainly through the analysis of the report of the panel of experts and the appellate body of the American gambling case and the Chinese publication case, this paper concretely analyzes the applicable principle, order requirement and necessary restriction of the exception clause of public morality in the framework of WTO. In the fourth part, on the basis of the analysis of the above contents, the author summarizes the specific strategies for China to use the exception clause in the future dispute settlement process.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D996.1

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