论国际服务贸易紧急保障措施法律制度

发布时间：2018-06-15 12:25

本文选题：国际贸易法 + 服务贸易　；参考：《河北经贸大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：从二十世纪伊始迄今,世界经济呈现出以服务经济的迅猛发展为其主要特点的态势。二十世纪八十年代以来,货物贸易的发展速度远不及服务贸易,后者日益成为集“广泛、强大和活跃”三个“最”大成于一身的经济部门。而国际服务贸易的自由化趋势也伴随着国际服务贸易的快速发展而逐步登上世界舞台。一方面,这是以美国为首的发达国家大力推动导致的结果；另一方面,尽管发达国家与发展中国家所获利益差异巨大,国际服务贸易的自由化却因符合大多数国家的利益而生机盎然。从根本上来说,服务贸易的自由化是一把双刃剑,它在给有关国家带来利益的同时,也有可能会给这些国家带来严重灾难,导致这些国家产业受损、人员失业、整个国家陷入严重的经济危机或社会危机。正是由于存在着不同国家之间的利益差异与冲突,存在着机遇与风险,所以也就决定了服务贸易自由化是一个渐进的过程。在这一过程中,各国既要获得服务贸易自由化所带来的利益,又要规避服务贸易自由化所带来的风险。要达成这样的目标,最根本的途径就是要建立一套保障措施机制。拥有这一机制,它既不妨碍贸易自由化进程,又不恶化弱势国家和弱势产业的处境,从而有效缓解上述矛盾。因此,保障措施是抵御贸易自由化负面影响的手段,是规避贸易自由化风险的工具,尽管它在一定程度上会延缓贸易自由化的步伐,却能在实际的贸易交往中为贸易自由化保驾护航,成为贸易自由化的安全阀。保障措施形成于货物贸易领域,经历了从国内法规则到国际法规则的演化过程。迄今为止,国际保障措施制度是以GATT1994第19条和WTO《保障措施协议》为核心内容的体系。众所周知,这一体系是适用于货物贸易的保障体系,而随着国际服务贸易的迅速发展,服务贸易领域的保障措施问题便被提上了议事日程。《服务贸易总协定》(GATS)以实现国际服务贸易逐步自由化为目标,它要求成员方利用具体承诺的方式实施市场准入和国民待遇,进而成为第一个管制国际服务贸易的全球性多边协议,也是第一次为国际服务贸易自由化提供初步的法律框架。GATS第10条关于紧急保障措施(ESM)的规定,允许成员方建立相应的安全保障措施,并在非歧视原则的基础上就该问题进行多边谈判,以期尽快达成共识从而减少在国际服务贸易逐渐自由化的过程中给服务业欠发达的发展中国家造成的冲击和消极影响。 GATS在国际服务贸易紧急保障措施制度建构的过程中,按照何种模式设计服务贸易紧急保障措施制度一直以来都是至关重要的问题,也是发达国家与发展中国家争论最激烈的问题之一。而且,将货物贸易保障措施规则借鉴适用于服务贸易领域也存在实际困难,这主要是源于货物贸易和服务贸易在经济禀赋上存在着显著的差异。故而,在服务贸易保障措施规则的制定过程中,必须考虑服务贸易自身的特殊性和复杂性。综上所述,本文认为,国际服务贸易紧急保障措施法律制度的内容应涵盖以下方面：首先,是国际服务贸易紧急保障措施法律制度的宗旨与原则；其次,是关于国际服务贸易紧急保障措施法律制度实体规则方面的内容；再次,是关于国际服务贸易紧急保障措施法律制度程序规则方面的内容；此外,还包括国际服务贸易紧急保障措施的类型及其实施方面的内容。当然,国际服务贸易紧急保障措施法律制度研究的目的,主要还是希望能最终服务于本国在服务贸易领域的紧急保障措施制度的建构。服务贸易自由化是大势所趋。尽管,在这一趋势下发达国家与发展中国家有着不同的利益诉求,并由此导致发达国家与发展中国家在建构国际服务贸易紧急保障措施制度中有着不同的立场和态度,紧急保障措施制度仍在一定程度上充当着平衡发达国家与发展中国家利益的工具这一角色。中国作为世界上最大的发展中国家,应在国际服务贸易紧急保障措施法律制度的构建中坚持发展中国家的立场,维护发展中国家的利益,在GATS规则谈判中积极支持ESM机制的建立。与此同时,为了国内服务产业的健康有序发展,保障国家经济安全,还必须展开服务贸易紧急保障措施的国内立法工作,建立实体规范、程序严格、实施合理的,具有中国特色的服务贸易紧急保障措施法律制度。
[Abstract]:Since the beginning of the twentieth Century, the world economy has shown its main characteristics with the rapid development of the service economy. Since 1980s, the development of goods trade is far less than service trade, and the latter is increasingly becoming a "broad, powerful and active" three "most" economic sector. And international services The liberalization trend of trade is also accompanied by the rapid development of international trade in services. On the one hand, this is the result of great efforts by the developed countries led by the United States. On the other hand, the liberalization of international trade in services is consistent with most of the great differences in interests between developed and developing countries. The interests of the country are vital. Fundamentally, the liberalization of service trade is a double-edged sword. It can bring benefits to the countries concerned, and it can also bring serious disasters to these countries, resulting in the damage to the industries, the unemployment of the people, the serious economic crisis or social crisis in the whole country. There are opportunities and risks in the differences and conflicts between different countries. Therefore, the liberalization of service trade is a gradual process. In this process, countries should not only gain the benefits brought by the liberalization of service trade, but also avoid the risks brought by the liberalization of service trade. The fundamental way is to establish a set of safeguards mechanism. With this mechanism, it does not prevent the process of trade liberalization, and does not deteriorate the situation of disadvantaged and disadvantaged industries, thus effectively alleviating the above contradictions. Therefore, the safeguard measures are the means to resist the negative effects of trade liberalization, and are the tools to avoid the risks of trade liberalization. To a certain extent, it will delay the pace of trade liberalization, but it can protect trade liberalization and become a safety valve for trade liberalization in actual trade exchanges.
The safeguards are formed in the field of trade in goods and have experienced the evolution from domestic law rules to international law rules. To date, the international safeguards system is a system with the core content of the GATT1994 nineteenth and WTO< safeguards agreement. It is well known that this system is a guarantee system for goods trade and with international services. The rapid development of trade has been put on the agenda. The general agreement on trade in services (GATS) aims to achieve the gradual liberalization of international trade in services. It requires members to implement market access and nationals in the way of specific commitments, and then become the first to control international trade in services. The global multilateral agreement is also the first time to provide a preliminary legal framework for the liberalization of international trade in services,.GATS tenth on the provisions of the emergency safeguards (ESM), allowing members of Fang Jianli's corresponding security measures and multilateral negotiations on the basis of the principle of non discrimination in order to reach a consensus as soon as possible thus reducing it The process of gradual liberalization of international trade in services has had a negative impact on the less developed developing countries.
In the process of the construction of the system of emergency safeguard measures for international trade in services, GATS has always been a crucial issue in the design of the system of emergency safeguard measures for service trade. It is also one of the most heated issues in the developed countries and developing countries. Furthermore, the use of the rules of trade security measures for goods and goods is applied to service trade. There are also practical difficulties in the easy field. This is mainly due to the significant difference in economic endowments between goods trade and service trade. Therefore, the particularity and complexity of service trade must be taken into consideration in the formulation of the rules for the protection of service trade. The content of the law system should cover the following aspects: first, it is the purpose and principle of the legal system of international service trade emergency safeguard measures. Secondly, it is the content of the substantive rules of the legal system of international service trade emergency safeguard measures, and again, on the procedural rules of the legal system of international service trade emergency safeguard measures. In addition, it also includes the types of emergency measures for international service trade and the content of their implementation. Of course, the purpose of the study of the legal system of international service trade emergency safeguard measures is mainly to serve as a final service for the construction of the system of emergency protection measures in the field of service trade in the country.
The liberalization of service trade is the trend of the times. Despite the different interests of developed countries and developing countries in this trend, the developed and developing countries have different positions and attitudes in the system of emergency safeguard measures for the construction of international trade in service and trade. The system of emergency safeguard measures is still to a certain extent. As the tool of balancing the interests of developed countries and developing countries, China, as the largest developing country in the world, should adhere to the position of developing countries, safeguard the interests of developing countries, and actively support the establishment of the ESM mechanism in the negotiation of the GATS rules. At the same time, for the healthy and orderly development of the domestic service industry and the security of the national economy, the domestic legislative work of the emergency safeguard measures of service trade must be carried out, and the legal system of the emergency protection measures of service trade with Chinese characteristics is established.
【学位授予单位】：河北经贸大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D996.1

【引证文献】