欧盟难民保护制度研究

发布时间：2018-06-17 20:44

本文选题：欧盟难民定义 + 都柏林管辖　；参考：《中国政法大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：欧盟对于难民庇护有着比较系统的规定。具体来说,主要由两部分组成:即没有约束力的“软法”(Soft Law)和欧盟立法(EU Legislation)。前者主要强调了欧盟组织在政府间的协调作用;而后者欧盟立法则主要通过条约(Regulation)和指令(Directive)方式统一规范欧盟难民保护措施,并通过欧盟法院和成员国的案例法加以补充。1999年,欧盟扩展了其在移民和难民保护等事项上的权限,启动了“两个五年计划”(1999年5月-2004年5月和2004年5月-2009年5月)。其最终目的是首先通过第一阶段建立欧盟最低庇护标准,统一了各成员国针对庇护申请的最低保护水平和程序保障,避免出现庇护者在不同的成员国申请而遭到不公平待遇的风险。最终在此基础上实现“欧盟统一难民保护体系”(Common European Asylum System),推进成员国之间更深层次的协作,最终落实在欧盟成员国内部相同的保护标准。本文主要从欧盟的难民认定标准与保护;欧盟难民保护的都柏林体系;以及欧盟难民保护的程序等三个方面对这一体系进行详细探讨。在难民保护的含义和统一标准方面,欧盟最主要的立法是EC2004/38指令。该文件主要规定了欧盟难民的统一定义、条件、和权利内容。其主要包括了难民的地位和认定;辅助性保护的地位和认定;以及暂时性保护的地位和认定。以上所规定的范围超过了其他国际公约的相关要求,是欧盟所负国际义务的延伸,为人权保护提供了更全面的保护。但美中不足的是,欧盟针对难民解释相较于1951年《难民地位公约》而言采取了限缩解释,即仅限于第三国国民,与其承担的国际义务不相符合。其次,笔者介绍了欧盟的都柏林保护体系。该体系主要由两项指令组成,即“都柏林指令”( EC.343/2003)与“EURODAC指令”(EC.2752/2000)组成。前者建立了成员国对来自第三国难民申请受理的管辖制度,引入了国家责任以及更严格的实现控制,从而明确成员国间的管辖分工,并提高该指令的执行力;而EURODAC则是旨在建立指纹识别及比对数据库,从技术上为更有效地保障实施都柏林指令提供支持。最后,本文介绍了欧盟庇护的统一程序,即一般程序和特殊程序。一般程序是最普遍的程序,主要指在没有其他特殊程序适用时,针对难民申请所强制适用的审查程序。其中2005/85号指令第二章针对各成员国规定了最低的程序保障,为当事人的庇护申请提供了可预见性的适用标准,有助于人权的保护。另外,在特殊保护方面,本文着重介绍了具有争议的欧盟安全第三国程序,并阐释了这一制度从程序上和实体上均违反了欧盟和相关国际条约的规定。
[Abstract]:The European Union has a relatively systematic provision for refugee asylum. Specifically, it consists mainly of two parts: the non binding "Soft Law" and the EU legislation (EU Legislation). The former mainly emphasizes the coordination role of the EU organizations in the government; the latter is mainly through the Treaty (Regulation) and the Directive (Directive). ) unified and standardized EU refugee protection measures, and supplemented by the European Court of court and the case law of Member States for.1999 years, the EU expanded its authority on immigration and refugee protection, and launched the "two five year plan" (May May 1999 and May May 2004 -2009). The final purpose was to first pass the first order. The paragraph establishes the EU minimum asylum standards, unifies the minimum protection level and procedural safeguards for asylum applications by Member States, avoids the risk of unfair treatment of asylum applicants in different Member States, and on this basis realizes the "EU unified refugee protection system" (Common European Asylum System) to promote members. The deeper cooperation between countries will eventually implement the same protection standards in the domestic EU members. This paper mainly discusses the system in three aspects, such as the EU's standards and protection of refugee identification, the Dublin system of EU refugee protection, and the procedure for the protection of the EU refugees.
The main legislation of the EU is the EC2004/38 directive on the meaning and unified standard of the protection of refugees. This document mainly stipulates the unified definition, conditions and rights of the EU refugees. It mainly includes the status and identification of refugees; the status and identification of auxiliary protection; and the status and identification of temporary protection. Beyond the relevant requirements of other international conventions, it is an extension of the international obligations of the European Union to provide more comprehensive protection for the protection of human rights. However, it is insufficient that the EU's interpretation of refugees is limited to the 1951 Convention on refugee status, which is limited to the nationals of a third country and its international obligations. Conforms to.
Secondly, the author introduces the EU's Dublin protection system, which consists mainly of two directives, namely, the "Dublin directive" (EC.343/2003) and the "EURODAC directive" (EC.2752/2000). The former establishes the jurisdiction of the member states for the application of refugees from third countries, the introduction of state responsibility and more stringent control, In order to define the division of division of jurisdiction among Member States and improve the enforcement of the directive, EURODAC is designed to establish fingerprint identification and compare databases to support the implementation of the Dublin directive more effectively.
Finally, this article introduces the unified procedure of EU asylum, which is the general procedure and special procedure. The general procedure is the most common procedure. It mainly refers to the compulsory examination procedure for refugee applications when the application of other special procedures is not applicable. In the second chapter, the second chapter provides the minimum procedural safeguards for each member state. The application of human asylum provides a predictability standard for the protection of human rights. In addition, in special protection, this article focuses on the controversial EU security third country procedure, and explains that the system violates the EU and international treaties from both procedural and substantive aspects.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D99

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