论中国民间对日索赔的演变与前景

发布时间：2018-11-24 10:12

【摘要】：二战后,国家不再是战争赔偿的唯一主体,受害者个人成为战争赔偿的重要对象。故日本在战后不仅有责任对中国在二战中的损失进行赔偿,而且也必须对中国平民在战争中因日本违反国际人道法的行为所导致的损失进行赔偿。由于日本未能对二战罪行进行彻底反省,因此一直借口中国政府放弃战争索赔权拒绝向中国受害者进行赔偿,导致中国民间对日索赔在日亦屡讼屡败,中国的受害者不得已转向本国法院寻求最后的救济,但国家豁免规则成为中国法院进行管辖的一个主要法律障碍。新近意大利宪法法院坚定支持强行法豁免例外与属地侵权豁免例外为民间索赔指出了一条新路,中国可效仿意大利法院利用国际习惯的造法特点参与创设新的国家豁免例外规则,确立中国法院对中国民间对日索赔案的管辖权。这样不仅让前景黯淡的中国民间对日索赔走出困境,而且也可借此提升中国对国际法的影响力,更能让大屠杀、无区别轰炸、细菌战及强掳劳工与慰安妇等暴行昭然于天下,成为挫败日本右翼挑战战后秩序的强有力武器。同时中国政府与民间一起共同努力督促日本全面反省其战争责任,或可最终通过德国模式解决中国民间对日索赔争端。如若不然,借鉴韩国模式亦可部分解决中国民间对日索赔争端。
[Abstract]:After World War II, the state is no longer the only subject of war compensation, and the individual victims become the important object of war compensation. Therefore, after the war, Japan has the responsibility not only to compensate China for its losses in World War II, but also to compensate Chinese civilians for the losses caused by Japan's violations of international humanitarian law during the war. Because Japan has failed to thoroughly reflect on the crimes of World War II, it has been using the pretext that the Chinese Government has renounced the right to claim war claims and refused to compensate Chinese victims. As a result, Chinese folk claims against Japan have also been repeatedly defeated in Japan. Chinese victims have had to turn to their own courts for final relief, but the rules of state immunity have become a major legal obstacle to Chinese courts' jurisdiction. The recent Italian Constitutional Court firmly supported the exception of immunity from jus cogens and immunity from territorial infringement, which points out a new path for civil claims. China can follow the example of Italian courts to take advantage of the characteristics of international law making to create a new rule of exception of state immunity and establish the jurisdiction of Chinese courts over Chinese folk claims against Japan. This will not only extricate the bleak prospects of China's civilian claims against Japan, but also enhance China's influence on international law, and will make it clear to the world that atrocities such as massacres, indiscriminate bombing, bacterial warfare and forced labor and comfort women are all over the world. It has become a powerful weapon in thwarting Japan's right wing to challenge the postwar order. At the same time, the Chinese government and civil society are working together to urge Japan to reflect fully on its war responsibilities, or it may finally settle the dispute over Chinese civilian claims against Japan through the German model. If not, learn from the Korean model can also partially resolve the dispute between Chinese folk claims against Japan.
【作者单位】：西南政法大学国际法学院;
【分类号】：D99

【参考文献】