国际航空运费到付法律问题研究

发布时间：2019-06-12 04:06

【摘要】：随着货运代理广泛地参与国际航空货运业务，国际航空货运合同纠纷出现了新的特点，货运代理代替航空公司成为了纠纷当事人一方，而国际航空运费到付纠纷正是其中较为典型的一类纠纷。在国际航空运费到付业务中，收货人常常会因故拖欠或者拒付运费，而货运代理在向收货人催讨运费未果时则往往会选择向托运人主张运费。为了妥善地解决这类纠纷，必须解决两方面问题：一是货运代理在国际航空运费到付业务中的法律地位问题，二是收货人在国际航空货运合同中的法律地位问题。关于前一个问题，法院在审理这类纠纷时往往将货运代理认定为托运人的代理人，从而将纠纷性质认定为货运代理合同纠纷，并认为运费到付是一项由第三人履行合同义务的约定，故当收货人不支付运费时，，托运人仍负有支付运费的义务。然而，货运代理在从事国际航空运费到付业务时，完全表现出了缔约承运人的特征，且中国现行立法亦未禁止货运代理经营无机承运业务，故其法律地位应当是国际航空货运合同的承运人，这类纠纷的性质应当是国际航空货运合同纠纷。关于后一个问题，目前理论和实践的主流观点认为国际航空货运合同是一类向第三人履行的合同，而运费到付则是一项由第三人履行合同义务的约定，但这一观点并未考虑到国际航空货运领域的特别法律规定，也不能平衡各方当事人之间的权利和义务，故不宜作为处理这类纠纷的理论基础。而合同转让理论认为，国际航空货运合同是一类加附托运人向收货人转让部分权利和义务的要约的合同，收货人签收空运单或者收取货物即表明其接受了支付到付运费的义务，并已经加入到国际航空货运合同中成为了当事人一方。因此，作为国际航空货运合同承运人，货运代理原则上只能向收货人主张运费，除非收货人既未签收空运单，也未收取货物，或者存在另外的特别约定。
[Abstract]:With the extensive participation of freight forwarders in international air freight business, there are new characteristics in international air freight contract disputes. Freight forwarders have become one of the parties to the disputes instead of airlines, and the international air freight payment disputes are one of the more typical disputes. In the international air freight to pay business, the consignee will often default or refuse to pay the freight for any reason, while the freight forwarder will often choose to claim the freight from the shipper when the freight is unsuccessful from the consignee. In order to solve this kind of dispute properly, two problems must be solved: one is the legal status of freight forwarder in the international air freight payment business, the other is the legal status of the consignee in the international air freight contract. With regard to the previous issue, the court often regards the freight forwarder as the shipper's agent when hearing such disputes, thus regards the nature of the dispute as the freight forwarder contract dispute, and holds that the freight payment is an agreement that the third party will perform the contractual obligations, so when the consignee fails to pay the freight, the shipper still has the obligation to pay the freight. However, when the freight forwarder is engaged in the business of international air freight to pay, it completely shows the characteristics of the contracting carrier, and the current legislation of China does not prohibit the freight forwarder from engaging in inorganic shipping business, so its legal status should be the carrier of the international air freight contract, and the nature of this kind of dispute should be the dispute of the international air freight contract. With regard to the latter issue, the mainstream view of theory and practice at present holds that the international air freight contract is a kind of contract performed to the third party, while the freight payment is an agreement for the third party to perform the contractual obligations. However, this view does not take into account the special legal provisions in the field of international air freight transport, nor can it balance the rights and obligations between the parties, so it should not be used as a theoretical basis for dealing with such disputes. According to the contract assignment theory, the international air freight contract is a kind of contract with the shipper's offer to transfer part of the rights and obligations to the consignee. The consignee signs the air waybill or receives the goods, which indicates that he has accepted the obligation to pay the freight and has become a party to the international air freight contract. Therefore, as the carrier of an international air cargo contract, the freight forwarder can only claim freight from the consignee in principle, unless the consignee has neither signed the air waybill nor received the goods, or there is another special agreement.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D993.4;D996

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