国际海底资源分配与美国的政策选择
发布时间：2019-06-25 17:16
【摘要】：本文主要探讨国际海底资源的分配与美国的政策选择问题。国际公共资源分配制度可以分为市场型和权威型两种模式。前者强调资源开发的效率,后者关注资源分配的公平。在海底公共资源分配领域,这两种制度模式的演变决定了美国海底资源分配政策的调整和变化。 上个世纪40年代,为满足战后经济发展的需要,美国联邦政府单方面宣布开发近海石油资源,拉开了二战后海底资源利益纷争的序幕,各国对海底资源的利益诉求导致了世界海洋秩序的紊乱。第一次海洋法会议通过的《大陆架公约》以技术开发能力作为海底资源分配的标准,实际上确立了市场型的资源分配制度。美国在海底资源开发上拥有明显的技术与资本优势,也就决定了美国是这一海底资源分配制度的主要受益者和维护者。 1967年,联合国大会通过了阿维德·帕多(Avid Pardo)的一项提案,确立了“人类共同遗产”原则。原有的市场型资源分配制度受到了挑战。在国际社会的压力下,尼克松政府虽极力回避“人类共同遗产”原则,但也同意通过召开第三次海洋法会议解决海底问题,这就为海底资源分配制度的转型提供了可能。在“人类共同遗产”原则基础上,第三次海洋法会议最终确立了以国际海底管理局为中心的权威型资源分配制度,美国因此失去了海底资源分配的主导权。美国以公海自由原则为由拒绝批准《联合国海洋法公约》,在国内单方面制定了“深海底固体矿产资源法”。在国际上,美国在《海洋法公约》之外与其他发达国家签订“互惠国协定”,公开与国际海底资源开发制度相抗衡。 冷战结束后,在联合国秘书长的支持下,国际社会为修订公约中有关深海底采矿的条款共举行了两轮15次非正式磋商会议。联合国大会于1994年7月通过了《关于执行1982年12月10日联合国海洋法公约第十一部分的协定》。《执行协定》对海底管理局的决策程序、审查会议、技术转让、生产政策等一系列重大海底制度的内容都进行了修正,这一修正完成了海底开发由权威型向市场型的转变。1994年8月,美国正式签署《执行协定》,此举表明美国重新回到国际多边海底开发制度中来。
[Abstract]:This paper mainly discusses the distribution of international seabed resources and the policy choice of the United States. The international public resource distribution system can be divided into two modes: market and authority. The former emphasizes the efficiency of resource development, which focuses on the fairness of resource allocation. In the area of the allocation of the seabed public resources, the evolution of the two systems determines the adjustment and change of the American seabed resource allocation policy. In the 1940s, in order to meet the needs of post-war economic development, the Federal Government of the United States unilaterally declared the development of offshore oil resources, and opened the prologue of the interests of the seabed resources after the Second World War. disturbances. The United Nations Convention on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, adopted by the First Conference on the Law of the Sea, has in fact established market-based resource allocation as a standard for resource allocation in the seabed The United States has a clear technical and capital advantage over the development of seabed resources, and it has also decided that the United States is the main beneficiary and dimension of this system of resource allocation The United Nations General Assembly, in 1967, adopted a proposal by Avid Pardo to establish a "trunk" "common" of " principle. Existing market-type resource allocation system The challenge is that, under the pressure of the international community, while the Nixon administration is highly circumventing the principle of the "common heritage of mankind", it is also agreed to address the issue of the seabed by the convening of the Third International Conference on the Law of the Sea, which is the transformation of the system for the allocation of the seabed resources It is possible. On the basis of the principle of the "common heritage of mankind", the Third United States Conference on the Law of the Sea has finally established an authoritative resource allocation system centred on the International Seabed Authority, and the United States therefore lost its sub-sea resources. The leading power of the United States is the refusal to ratify the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea by the principle of the freedom of the public and sea. / unk>. At the international level, the United States, in addition to the Convention on the Law of the Sea, has entered into "Agreement on the Reciprocity of States" with other developed countries to open and develop international seabed resources After the end of the cold war, the international community, with the support of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, held two rounds of two rounds of amendments to the provisions of the Convention relating to deep seabed mining Informal consultations on the implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in July 1994 Agreement on Part XI............................................................................................................................................. In August 1994, the United States formally signed the Implementation Agreement, which demonstrated the return of the United States to the international multilateral
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D993.5
本文编号：2505856
[Abstract]:This paper mainly discusses the distribution of international seabed resources and the policy choice of the United States. The international public resource distribution system can be divided into two modes: market and authority. The former emphasizes the efficiency of resource development, which focuses on the fairness of resource allocation. In the area of the allocation of the seabed public resources, the evolution of the two systems determines the adjustment and change of the American seabed resource allocation policy. In the 1940s, in order to meet the needs of post-war economic development, the Federal Government of the United States unilaterally declared the development of offshore oil resources, and opened the prologue of the interests of the seabed resources after the Second World War. disturbances. The United Nations Convention on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, adopted by the First Conference on the Law of the Sea, has in fact established market-based resource allocation as a standard for resource allocation in the seabed The United States has a clear technical and capital advantage over the development of seabed resources, and it has also decided that the United States is the main beneficiary and dimension of this system of resource allocation The United Nations General Assembly, in 1967, adopted a proposal by Avid Pardo to establish a "trunk" "common" of " principle. Existing market-type resource allocation system The challenge is that, under the pressure of the international community, while the Nixon administration is highly circumventing the principle of the "common heritage of mankind", it is also agreed to address the issue of the seabed by the convening of the Third International Conference on the Law of the Sea, which is the transformation of the system for the allocation of the seabed resources It is possible. On the basis of the principle of the "common heritage of mankind", the Third United States Conference on the Law of the Sea has finally established an authoritative resource allocation system centred on the International Seabed Authority, and the United States therefore lost its sub-sea resources. The leading power of the United States is the refusal to ratify the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea by the principle of the freedom of the public and sea. / unk>. At the international level, the United States, in addition to the Convention on the Law of the Sea, has entered into "Agreement on the Reciprocity of States" with other developed countries to open and develop international seabed resources After the end of the cold war, the international community, with the support of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, held two rounds of two rounds of amendments to the provisions of the Convention relating to deep seabed mining Informal consultations on the implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in July 1994 Agreement on Part XI............................................................................................................................................. In August 1994, the United States formally signed the Implementation Agreement, which demonstrated the return of the United States to the international multilateral
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D993.5
【引证文献】
相关博士学位论文 前1条
1 吴少杰;联合国三次海洋法会议与美国关于海洋法问题的政策（1958-1982）[D];东北师范大学;2013年
相关硕士学位论文 前1条
1 罗立昱;国际海底制度与南北关系[D];南京大学;2013年
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