论商业银行信贷风险的法律防范

发布时间：2018-02-25 19:08

本文关键词： 商业银行信贷风险法律防范　出处：《复旦大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：作为经营货币这一特殊商品的商业银行,其通常存在较高的负债比例。因此,拥有良好的信用是其持续、稳健经营的基础。目前,我国的商业银行普遍存在信贷资产风险高、潜在不良率居高不下的情形。这些因素既大大降低了商业银行的综合实力,不利于社会经济和谐稳定的发展。所以,化解各种金融风险的关键就在于如何有效地防范由于信贷业务产生的风险。本文试图通过研究我国商业银行信贷风险的现状、危害及成因,从法律角度入手,对商业银行信贷风险的法律防范进行探讨。具体而言,本文共分为以下四个部分：第一章对商业银行信贷风险的概念进行了界定,指出信贷风险是信贷资金安全系数的不确定性,具体表现为由于借款人的原因,无力偿还或者不愿偿还银行贷款本息,使得贷款无法收回,造成损失的可能性。本文特别从法律角度提出了商业银行信贷风险也是一种特殊的合同风险。从国际通行的五级分类法和法律表现形式角度对信贷风险进行了分类；具体探讨了商业银行信贷风险的客观必然性、巨大危害性及现实可控性等特征。第二章首先从市场主体、市场规则、信用基础、贷款交易角度介绍了我国信贷业务的基本特征,详细分析了信贷风险给商业银行自身经营所带来的不良影响以及对社会经济运行、信用体系建设、国家税收、社会秩序所造成的负面影响。在深入分析信贷业务的特点及影响的基础上,从内外因两个维度,探讨了信贷风险的成因。外因方面包括市场经济基础、法律制度、信用体系和企业自身的问题；内因方面包括银行信贷审批流程、信用风险度量方法及贷后管理方面的疏漏。第三章从理论层面探讨了信贷风险法律防范的依据。理论意义在于信贷的法律性质。也即借款人和商业银行作为双方当事人之间达成的,以一定债务为标的的到期还本付息的合同关系；现实意义是由于商业银行在我国金融体系中的重要地位,信贷业务又是当前我国商业银行的主要业务。从法律角度防范信贷风险可以确保信贷活动的秩序、信贷关系的合法；提高商业银行的信用程度,发挥商业银行的信贷作用；确保经济安全、促进经济的良好发展。以上即涵盖了信贷风险法律防范的一般功能与意义。第四章具体提出了商业银行信贷风险法律防范的对策。首先借鉴了美国个人信用评级和存款保险制度以及日本管理层责任分担法律制度的先进经验。在此基础上从法律保障机制的完善、信贷的内部监管及风险控制机制的优化两大方面提出了具体的措施。从合同法、物权法、破产法、最后贷款人制度等角度详尽分析了如何完善法律保障机制；并从信贷风险识别机制、贷款审批发放及风险度量、监控角度对信贷内部监管和风险控制提出了具体建议。
[Abstract]:As a special commodity, commercial banks usually have a high debt ratio. Therefore, having good credit is the basis of their continuous and steady operation. At present, commercial banks in China generally have high risk of credit assets. The situation of high potential defect rate. These factors have greatly reduced the comprehensive strength of commercial banks and are not conducive to the development of social and economic harmony and stability. The key to defuse all kinds of financial risks lies in how to effectively prevent the risks arising from credit operations. This paper attempts to study the present situation, harm and causes of credit risks of commercial banks in China, starting from the legal point of view. This paper probes into the legal prevention of credit risk of commercial banks. Specifically, this paper is divided into the following four parts:. The first chapter defines the concept of credit risk of commercial banks, and points out that credit risk is the uncertainty of the safety factor of credit funds, which is manifested in the inability to repay or unwilling to repay the principal and interest of bank loans because of the borrower's reasons. Making the loan uncollectible, This paper puts forward that the credit risk of commercial bank is also a kind of special contract risk from the angle of law. This paper discusses the characteristics of commercial bank credit risk, such as its objective inevitability, great harmfulness and practical controllability. The second chapter first introduces the basic characteristics of China's credit business from the aspects of market subject, market rules, credit basis and loan transaction. The paper analyzes in detail the adverse effects of credit risk on the commercial banks' own operation, as well as the social and economic operation, the construction of the credit system, and the state tax. On the basis of deep analysis of the characteristics and influence of credit business, this paper probes into the causes of credit risk from two dimensions of internal and external causes. The external causes include the basis of market economy and the legal system. The credit system and the enterprise's own problems, including the bank credit approval process, credit risk measurement method and the oversight of post-loan management. The third chapter discusses the legal basis of credit risk prevention from the theoretical level. The theoretical significance lies in the legal nature of credit. The contractual relationship of repayment of principal and interest due to a certain debt is of practical significance because of the important position of commercial banks in the financial system of our country. Credit business is the main business of commercial banks in our country at present. Preventing credit risk from the angle of law can ensure the order of credit activities and the legality of credit relations, improve the credit degree of commercial banks and give full play to the credit function of commercial banks. The above covers the general function and significance of legal prevention of credit risk. Chapter 4th puts forward the countermeasures of legal prevention of credit risk in commercial banks. Firstly, it draws lessons from the advanced experience of American personal credit rating and deposit insurance system and the legal system of Japanese management liability sharing. From the perspective of the perfection of the legal protection mechanism, The internal supervision of credit and the optimization of risk control mechanism put forward specific measures. From the angles of contract law, property law, bankruptcy law, lender of last resort system, this paper analyzes in detail how to perfect the legal protection mechanism; It also puts forward some specific suggestions on credit internal supervision and risk control from the perspective of credit risk identification mechanism, loan approval and issuance, risk measurement and monitoring.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D922.28

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