实务判例中的强制性规定与合同效力

发布时间：2018-02-27 04:19

本文关键词： 强制性规定合同效力实务价值案例分析　出处：《杭州师范大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：强制性规定对于合同效力具有哪些影响?违反强制性规定导致合同无效的情形在哪些情形下成立?理论界各学者对于上述问题的意见诸多,无法形成统一的意见,同时在实务判例中法官也碍于现行法律对于上述问题的规定不够清晰明确导致认识也各有不同,同案不同判的案例也较多地存在。这样的一个司法环境是远远不能达到维护我国经济秩序稳定的目的的。当然我国也在立法上对合同法律制度中的强制性规定进行多次的改革和创新。通过一系列的法律制度改革结束了我国长期以来合同法律制度内强制性规定的零散、甚至是相互冲突的局面。取得这样的成果一定程度上意味着我国合同法律制度中关于强制性规定的规范渐趋完善。在法律改革过程中,《合同法》以及两个司法解释明确了“强制性规定”这一概念的性质,但是其并未对我国现行法律中数量庞大的强制性规定进行分类,同时也未对现实生活中的合同行为违反不同的强制性规定所带来的后果进行区分对待。这样的笼统的立法现状就导致了在司法实务中,对规定合同无效的《合同法》第52条第5款进行了扩大适用,并且在适用该条规定时往往凭借的是法官主观上对法律的理解,而不是适用统一的判断标准。更有甚者,法院的判决中直接依据《合同法》第52条第5款的规定,认定当事人之间订立的合同无效。实务中出现这种做法的主要原因在于对《合同法》第52条第5款的规定本身直接认定其为一条强制性规定条款。这种错误的认定完全没有理解《合同法》第52条第5款设立的目的及立法者期待其应起的作用。实务审判中这样草率的做法与私法自治和合同自由的立法精神不符,而且也导致了私法领域当中公权力的过多干预,使得一些不是必须被确认无效的合同中途夭折,这样轻易否定合同效力的做法是与我国发展市场经济的社会大环境所逆的。所以,笔者认为在尊重现行法律法规的前提下认清《合同法》第52条第5款作为一种引致条款存在的状况,而后对强制性规定的概念以及其与合同无效之间的关系进行重新的认识是非常有现实意义的。在认清《合同法》第52条第5款的性质后,进一步探讨“强制性规定”这一概念的适用范围、分类及区分标准,最终归纳得出本文的核心观点“违反强制性规定的合同效力体系”。使得理论研究的成果能带来司法实践中的可行性。在本篇文章中笔者将综合运用案例分析、历史分析及综合归纳分析等研究方法从以下四个部分来分析《合同法》第52条第5款的性质以及强制性规定的分类定义,进而分析各种类型的强制性规定与合同无效之间的关系。第一部分,对强制性规定的概念及《合同法》》第52条第5款进行阐释,明确《合同法》》第52条第5款作为引致条款的作用,及其与具体强制性规定的区别。进而对实务判例中对认定合同无效依据的概括方式提出自己的见解。第二部分,整理分析各自时期合同法律规范的发展,以及民法典修订进程中关于强制性规定和合同无效的发展趋势,明确合同无效规定的大方向。并且基于目前我国合同法律规范的制定情况,以及实务中在运用这些法律规范所得到的判例,分类分析现今实务适用强制性规定所存在的缺陷。第三部分,分析强制性规定区分种类、区分标准以及区分的原因及价值,并通过案例分析的方法印证笔者提出的区分标准在实务中的可操作性。第四部分,基于前文中的论述,细化违反不同类型的强制性规范所导致合同效力结果的不同情形。通过综合分析制定出一套违反强制性规定的合同效力体系,加强司法实践中此类案件的可操作性,从而改变实务中审判结果单一化对经济环境产生负面影响的不利状况。
[Abstract]:What are the implications for the mandatory provisions of the validity of the contract? In violation of the mandatory provisions of the contract invalid establishment in what circumstances? Academic scholars to the problem of the opinions of many, does not form a unified opinion, at the same time in the practice of judge in the case specified due to the current law for the problem of lack of clarity leads to understanding of the there are different, different codefendant cases are more present. Such a legal environment is not enough to maintain the stability of economic order of our country to our country. Of course in the legislation on the mandatory provisions in the contract law reform and innovation. Through the reform of the legal system has a series of end scattered in our country for a long time in the mandatory provisions of contract law, and even conflicting situation. Such achievements to a certain extent, means The norms of compulsory provisions in the legal system of contract in China are becoming more and more perfect.
In the process of law reform, "contract law" and the two clear judicial interpretation of "mandatory provisions" of the concept of nature, but it is not a mandatory requirement of a large number of China's current law classification, but also not to contract behavior in real life with the violation of the mandatory provisions of the consequences to differentiate. Such general legislation resulted in the judicial practice, the provisions of the contract invalid < contract law > fifty-second paragraph fifth to extend, and often with the applicable regulations of the judge is the subjective understanding of the law, and not be a unified standard more. What, in the judgment of the court in accordance with the provisions of paragraph fifth of the direct < contract law > fifty-second, that the contract between the parties is invalid. The main reason lies in the practice of "contract law" fifty-second The provisions of paragraph fifth of the directly identified it as a mandatory provisions. This error that no fifth understanding of < contract law > fifty-second purpose and legislators expect its role to be played. In such a hasty trial practice the spirit of the legislation practice and autonomy and freedom of contract is inconsistent, and also led to private law field of public power is not too much intervention, making some must be confirmed invalid contract aborted, so easily deny the validity of the contract is the social environment of China's market economy and the development of the inverse. Therefore, the author believes that in the premise of respecting the existing laws and regulations under the "Contract Law" to recognize the fifth paragraph of article fifty-second exist as a cause in terms of the situation, and then to the mandatory provisions of the concept and its re cognition and the relationship between the contract is very practical. Understand the nature of the fifth paragraph of article < contract law > fifty-second, to further explore the application scope of "mandatory provisions" of the concept, classification and criteria to distinguish between the core viewpoint "eventually concluded that the effectiveness of contract violating mandatory provisions system". The results of theoretical research can bring the feasibility in the judicial practice.
In this article the author will make comprehensive use of case analysis, the definition of the research methods of historical analysis and comprehensive analysis from the following four parts to analyze the properties of the fifth paragraph of article < contract law > fifty-second and mandatory provisions, and then analyzes the various types of mandatory provisions and the relationship between the same invalid.
The first part explains the concept and the "contract law" article fifty-second paragraph fifth of the mandatory provisions of the fifth paragraph of article clear, "contract law" fifty-second clause as lead role, and its difference with the specific regulations. And then put forward their own views on the basis of the summary that the contract is null and void in case party practice.
The second part analyzed the development of their respective period of contract law, on the mandatory provisions and invalid contract as well as the development trend of the civil code revision process, a clear direction of the provisions of the contract is invalid. And at present our country contract law based on the practice, and in the use of these laws and regulations are case analysis defects of current practice for the classification of mandatory provisions.
The third part analyzes the distinction between mandatory provisions, distinguishes the criteria and the reasons and values of distinction, and confirms the operability of the proposed criterion in practice by case analysis.
The fourth part, the above discussion based on the different situations of different types of refinement in violation of mandatory rules due to the validity of the contract results. Through comprehensive analysis to develop a system of effectiveness of contract violating mandatory provisions, strengthen the judicial practice in such cases the operability, so as to change the unfavorable situation in the practice of trial results of single negative impact of the economic environment.

【学位授予单位】：杭州师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D923.6

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