合同错误制度研究

发布时间：2018-02-27 17:01

本文关键词： 错误价值观基础模式重大误解修补　出处：《扬州大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：合同的缔结是一个沟通与磋商的过程,而合同错误泛指沟通与磋商过程中所出现的一切“不符合现实”与“不正确认识”。错误的出现使得沟通与磋商这样的商讨行为背离了基本的妥当性要求，妨碍了合意的产生。构成合意的相关要素的真实性基础的丧失最终带来的是合同效力的非正当性,这就使得民法对错误的合同进行规制具有了正当性与紧迫性。以德法为代表的大陆法系国家在对错误进行救济时以“意图理论”为基础,侧重于维护表意人的意思表示自由；而英美法系国家的错误制度是以维护交易安全为出发点,偏向于合同相对人一方利益的保护；作为商事习惯法成文化最新成果的欧盟民法典草案注重对双方的当事人在错误形成方面的的情况进行整体性的考察,进而确定责任的归属,呈现出定的折衷意味。从表面上看,三种类型错误制度质检的差别是技术性的,但价值观层面的分歧才是这种差别产生的根本原因。英美合同法受功利主义影响,推崇对抗性的契约观念,利用对方的错误来获取利益并无任何不妥。而受共同体主义影响的德法等大陆法系国家家,已经完成从纯自由主义的私法到具有一定社会性的私法的转变,合作的精神也为这些国家民事法律所强调。而建立在后现代主义观念上的欧盟私法,相较传统的两大法系而言,体现的更多的是对于多元价值的追求,实现着更高层次的社会正义。我国法虽然未引入错误这一概念,但重大误解制度在事实上承担了国外私法上错误制度的一部分功能。相较而言,我国的重大误解制度存在着较多的瑕疵,概念内涵过窄致使与上位法的规定存在体系上的不协调,而且表意人获得救济的机会成本较高,对相对人利益的保护更是极其赢弱。这些瑕疵妨碍了这一制度的有效运作,亟须进行修补。在对我国的现行的制度进行修补时,必须尊重我国现阶段的基本国情,总体考虑实际情况,进而借鉴先进国家的可用细节,打造与本土法律价值追求相一致的整体规则框架。整体照搬别国法律文本或径行套用某些先进规则均是不可取的。
[Abstract]:The conclusion of a contract is a process of communication and negotiation. The error of contract generally refers to all the things that appear in the process of communication and negotiation, which are not in line with reality and incorrect understanding. The occurrence of errors makes the behavior of negotiation such as communication and consultation deviate from the basic requirement of appropriateness. The loss of the truthfulness basis of the relevant elements of consensus ultimately brings about the illegitimacy of the validity of the contract, which makes the civil law to regulate the wrong contract with legitimacy and urgency. The civil law countries, represented by Germany and France, take the theory of intention as the basis for the remedy of errors, focusing on maintaining the freedom of expression of the will of the ideographers, while the wrong systems in the common law countries are based on the maintenance of the security of transactions. In favor of the protection of the interests of the relative party to the contract, the draft of the EU Civil Code, as the latest cultural achievement of the commercial customary law, pays attention to the overall investigation of the situation of the parties concerned in the formation of errors, and then determines the attribution of responsibility. On the surface, the differences in quality inspection of the three types of erroneous systems are technical in nature, but the differences in values are the root causes of the differences. Under the influence of utilitarianism, the Anglo-American contract Law is not inappropriate to promote the concept of antagonistic contract, and to take advantage of the other party's mistakes to obtain benefits. However, the countries of civil law such as Germany and France, which are influenced by communitarianism, are not at all right. The spirit of cooperation has also been emphasized by the civil laws of these countries. The European Union's private law, which is based on the concept of postmodernism, is more traditional than the two legal systems. What embodies more is the pursuit of multiple values and the realization of higher levels of social justice. Although the concept of error has not been introduced into the law of our country, the system of major misunderstanding has in fact assumed part of the functions of the wrong system in foreign private law. In contrast, there are many defects in the system of major misunderstanding in our country. The connotation of the concept is too narrow and there is system disharmony with the provisions of the epigyny law, and the opportunity cost for the intended person to obtain relief is high, and the protection of the interests of the relative party is extremely weak. These defects hinder the effective operation of this system. Repairs are urgently needed. In mending the current system of our country, we must respect the basic conditions of our country at the present stage, consider the actual situation in general, and then learn from the available details of the advanced countries. To create a framework of overall rules consistent with the pursuit of local legal values. It is not advisable to copy the legal texts of other countries or to apply some advanced rules as a whole.
【学位授予单位】：扬州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D923.6

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