大学法精神

发布时间：2018-03-25 22:26

本文选题：学术自由　切入点：教师学术自由　出处：《西南政法大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：大学以学术为其目的事业，大学法是大学之组织法。考诸众多大学法法律渊源、法院判例以及大学法之各项具体法律制度，可以得出大学法精神是保护教师学术自由之结论。学术是一门求“是”的学问；自由在政治法律上的含义就是权利，且专指宪法上的消极权利。学术自由概念自中世纪“哲学自由”起源，经德国“讲学自由”和“学习自由”，发展为美国“学术自由”。至现代社会，学术自由甚至扩展为公民的一项宪法权利。学术自由自身并非一项独立的法律权利，而是四项各自独立的法律权利的统称。该四项各自独立的法律权利，其权利性质、权利主体和权利内容各不相同。“公民学术自由”是公民的宪法权利，“大学学术自由”表示大学的自治权；“学生学术自由”是学生的合同法权利；“教师学术自由”是指教师在与大学的雇佣合同关系中，对于其从事学术活动时所拥有的合同权利。现代国家的大学教师，，都拥有研究和出版自由、讲学自由、校内言论和行为自由、校外言论和行为自由四大权利。教师学术自由是大学的生命线。侵害教师学术自由主要来自两个方面，一是来自政府、教会等外界的侵害；一是来自大学内部的侵害。为保护教师学术自由，各国大学法均采取大学自治、学者自治和终身教职三项法律措施。大学自治赋予大学自治权，以大学作为整体对抗外界侵犯教师学术自由；学者自治赋权大学教师掌控或参与大学行政管理决策，以大学内部学术管理民主化之方法，防范大学内部行政权力侵犯教师学术自由；终身教职以教师职业安全保障，抵御大学内部行政权力或“民主的暴政”侵犯教师学术自由。大学自治、学者自治和终身教职，形成一个各司其责、逐次递进且相互配合的制度网络，以守护和保障教师学术自由。大学以学术为目的事业，学术本质自由。大学起源于学术，其名称也即学术。教师学术自由，是大学的必要条件和本质所在，它能训练公民批判性思维，抵制、阻止宗教狂热者、政治煽动者和商业自肥者对公民思想的极端性控制，是自由民主政体的根本构成要素之一。教师学术自由缺损，自由民主政体不能维持；选择专制极权政体，教师学术自由不可能存在，亦无存在之必要。
[Abstract]:The university aims at the academic career, and the university law is the organic law of the university. Through the examination of many legal sources of university law, court cases and various specific legal systems of university law, it can be concluded that the spirit of university law is to protect the academic freedom of teachers. Learning is the knowledge of "yes"; the meaning of freedom in political law is right, and refers exclusively to the negative rights in the constitution. The concept of academic freedom originated from the medieval "philosophical freedom". German "freedom of speech" and "freedom of study" developed into American "academic freedom". To modern society, academic freedom even expanded as a constitutional right of citizens. Academic freedom itself is not an independent legal right, but a collective term for four separate legal rights. "academic freedom of citizens" is the constitutional right of citizens, "academic freedom of university" means autonomy of universities; "academic freedom of students" is the right of contract law of students; "academic freedom of teachers" is the right of contract law of students. A teacher in an employment contract with a university, University teachers in modern countries have four rights: freedom of research and publication, freedom of speech, freedom of speech and behavior, freedom of speech and conduct outside school. The academic freedom of teachers is the lifeline of universities. The infringement of teachers' academic freedom mainly comes from two aspects, one is from the outside world, such as the government and the church, the other is from the inside of the university. University autonomy, academic autonomy and tenure of tenure are all adopted in university laws. University autonomy gives the university autonomy and takes the university as a whole against the outside world to infringe upon the academic freedom of teachers. Academic autonomy empowers university teachers to control or participate in university administrative decisions, to prevent university internal administrative power from infringing upon teachers' academic freedom, and to guarantee the safety of teachers' occupational safety through lifelong teaching. To resist internal administrative power or "democratic tyranny" of universities that infringe upon the academic freedom of teachers. University autonomy, academic autonomy and tenure of tenure form a network of institutions that are responsible, progressive, and mutually supportive. To protect and protect the academic freedom of teachers. The academic nature of a university is the cause of scholarship, and the academic nature of the university is free. The university originates from the academic, its name is academic. The academic freedom of the teacher is the necessary condition and essence of the university. It can train the citizens to think critically and resist. Halting the extreme control of civil thought by religious fanatics, political instigators and self-profiteers of commerce is one of the fundamental elements of a liberal democracy: the loss of academic freedom of teachers, the inability of liberal democracies to be maintained, and the choice of autocratic totalitarian regimes, The academic freedom of teachers is impossible and unnecessary.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D90-4

【共引文献】