医疗事故中未死亡患者近亲属的精神损害赔偿的救济探析

发布时间：2018-03-27 22:36

本文选题：医疗事故　切入点：患者近亲属　出处：《华东政法大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：对于医疗事故发生后的赔偿问题，中国目前主要通过《医疗事故处理条例》、《最高人民法院关于确定民事侵权精神损害赔偿责任若干问题的解释》等法律法规进行调整。而该些法律并未对未死亡患者近亲属的精神损害赔偿问题进行任何规定。然而，患者未死亡（成为植物人、健康严重受损或瘫痪）的情况也会给其近亲属带来严重的精神损害。这其中，不仅包括患者近亲属获知医疗事故后遭受的刹那性的精神上的震惊和损害，也包括这之后在照顾未死亡患者的过程中产生的精神损害。如对患者近亲属的这类精神损害继续采取忽视态度，这无疑有悖于我国民法的公平原则，同时也不利于解决现今医患关系日益紧张的尴尬现状。故而，在我国法律体系中增加对未死亡患者近亲属的精神损害赔偿的规定是势在必行。如撇开中国的立法，医疗事故实际上既可视作医务人员的侵权行为，也可视作医务人员未按照与患者之间的医疗合同尽职履行合同义务导致的违约结果。故而从法理学角度，未死亡患者近亲属的精神损害赔偿民事赔偿责任既可存在于违约责任中，也可存在于侵权责任中。但尽管各国法理和司法实践对违约下的精神损害赔偿在一定条件下给予了肯定（如涉及人身权利或利益的合同发生违约可提出精神损害诉求），但从违约责任角度对未死亡患者近亲属的精神损害给予赔偿在目前却不是一个好的途径。因为一来，将医疗事故的基础法律关系定义为合同关系，无法体现医患关系中还包含着伦理特性及国家行政干预在内的特性；二来，患者近亲属的精神损害无疑属于合同相对方之外的第三方的损失，缺少法理上的支持。故此，患者近亲属的精神损害赔偿并不适合纳入合同法调整。反观侵权法，法理上，英美法系已开始对侵权关系外第三方（即使该第三人未发生身体伤害或财产损害）因侵权行为导致的精神损害赔偿给予支持；司法实践方面，也有很多国家对于未死亡患者近亲属的精神损害诉求给予支持。而且，中国的立法体系和司法实践已将精神损害赔偿纳入侵权法领域调整，故而在中国原有法律规定中增加患者近亲属的精神损害赔偿，无论从法理学角度或是司法实践，完全有其正当性和合理性，也更加便利。至于如何在中国现有立法体系中增加此类规定，则鉴于患者近亲属的精神损害是依附于患者人身权益已先行受损的基础之上，，故可在承认患者近亲属在患者未死亡下享有精神损害求偿权的基础上,以法定形式将患者近亲属的精神损害纳入医疗事故的侵权诉讼中的赔偿项目中，视患者与患者近亲属为同一方当事人，由患者代替患者近亲属提出诉求。增加对医疗事故中未死亡患者近亲属精神损害赔偿的立法，能够在一定程度上减轻医疗事故发生后患者家庭一方遭受的痛苦，缓和医患矛盾。希望通过本文对未死亡患者近亲属的精神损害赔偿问题的理论基础和司法实践的梳理和探讨，能够为中国在此方面的立法处理提供一些可行的想法。
[Abstract]:The issue of compensation for medical treatment after the accident, Chinese mainly through "Regulations on handling medical accidents", "the Supreme People's court to adjust the issues of determining the spirit of tort liability for damages explanations of other laws and regulations. The law does not damage to the spirit of death of close relatives in the problems of any of the provisions.
However, patients with no death (a vegetative state, the serious health damage or paralysis) the situation will bring serious mental harm to their relatives. Among these, not only including close relatives in the informed medical accident after suffering a moment of spiritual shock and damage, including the mental damage after care and death of patients in the process of production. As of close relatives in this kind of spiritual damage to continue to take the attitude of neglect, this is contrary to the fair principle of civil law of our country, but also is not conducive to solve the embarrassing situation of the increasingly tense relationship between doctors and patients. Therefore, in our legal system, increase the provisions for compensation for mental damage is not the death of close relatives in the is imperative.
As Chinese aside the legislation of medical accident is regarded as medical tort, but also regarded as the medical staff and patients not in the medical contract due diligence obligation of contract caused by breach of contract results. So from the perspective of jurisprudence, not death of close relatives in the mental damage compensation of civil liability can exist in breach of contract that can also be found in the tort liability.
But despite the mental damage for breach of contract under the legal and judicial practice of other countries compensation given under certain conditions (such as that involving personal rights or interests of the contract breach can put forward the mental damage, mental damage on appeal) but not the death of close relatives in the perspective of compensation from liability for breach of contract in the present but not a good way. As a result, the medical accident is defined as the legal foundation of the contractual relationship, unable to reflect the characteristics of the doctor-patient relationship also contains ethical characteristic and state administrative intervention, and secondly, spiritual damage; close relatives in the undoubtedly belongs to the third party outside the contract opposite party loss, lack of legal support. Therefore, the spirit of the damage of close relatives in the compensation is not suitable for inclusion in the contract law.
In tort law, law, common law has begun to tort third party (even if the third people did not occur for bodily injury or property damage) due to mental damage due to the infringement compensation support; judicial practice, there are many countries for mental damage without death of close relatives in the appeal for support. Also, China legislative system and judicial practice has been included in the adjustment of tort law of compensation for spiritual damages, therefore increase the mental damage compensation in close relatives in the original legal provisions Chinese, whether from the perspective of jurisprudence and judicial practice, has its legitimacy and rationality, but also more convenient.
As for how to increase such provisions in China existing legislation system, because of close relatives in the mental damage is based on personal interests with attachment has been damaged, so it can be recognized based in patients with close relatives enjoy mental damage claim in patients without death on the legal form of mental damage in patients with close relatives in the tort litigation medical accident compensation in the project, as patients and close relatives in the same party, by the patient instead of close relatives in the appeal.
To not close relatives of mental damage compensation in medical accident death legislation can reduce medical accidents in patients after a family suffering in a certain extent, ease the doctor-patient contradiction. Hope that through this spiritual damage to the death of close relatives in the compensation problem of theory and judicial practice analysis and discussion. To be able to provide some feasible ideas for China legislation in this respect.

【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D922.16;D923

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