现代契约理念下的消费者权益保护

发布时间：2018-07-24 15:55

【摘要】：消费者问题是伴随着商品经济的发展而产生的。在现代商品经济下，消费者在经济实力、对信息的掌握能力以及自身的知识和技能等方面都与经营者存在着很大的差异。这种差异直接导致了消费者和经营者地位上的不平等。由于交易主体地位上的不平等，经营者在交易中处于支配地位，消费者迫于现实的压力不得不屈从于经营者，任由经营者订立或修改交易的内容。经营者在利益的驱动下，不可避免的会牺牲消费者的权益来实现自己的利益。这样，消费者的契约自由受到了限制，交易的公平性将丧失。由于受历史因素的影响，我国法上还存在着忽视消费者契约自由的情形，导致法律在制定过程中对消费者的保护不全面、不完善。例如《合同法》对消费者权益的规定过于概括和抽象，《消费者权益保护法》又对于一些消费者问题缺少相应的规定，这些都不利于对消费者的保护。现代契约理念下对消费者权益的保护主要是指保护消费者真实的意思表示，因为真实的意思表示是实现消费者契约自由的具体表现。法律通过对消费者真实意思表示的保护，可以避免经营者根据其单方意思决定交易的内容而忽视消费者的利益。基于这样一个保护目的，我们应完善契约法及消费者权益保护法等相关法律的规定，保护消费者真实的意思表示，实现消费者的契约自由，，维护其合法权益。本文从四个部分来论述现代契约理念下的消费者保护：第一部分阐述了我国法上消费者权益保护的不足。主要从《合同法》和《消费者权益》这两部基本法方面进行分析。《合同法》中以格式条款的相关规定为例说明了《合同法》对消费者的保护过于概括。《消费者权益保护法》中从消费者的界定不明确、消费者权利的外延过窄、新型消费者合同缺乏规定以及消费者协会保护不到位四个方面说明了《消费者权益保护法》的不完善之处第二部分阐述了消费者保护不足的法律根源即忽视消费者的契约自由。契约自由从近代绝对契约自由理念发展到了现代对契约自由进行一定的限制。但是，受历史因素的影响，现代法律仍存在着忽视消费者契约自由的情形。这些情形从根本上说是因为经营者和消费者交易地位的不平等。经营者在经济实力、对交易信息的知晓程度等方面都远远的超过消费者，从而导致消费者的契约自由被忽略，无法真实的表达自己内心的意思。第三部分提出了现代契约理念下对消费者保护的基本思路，即保护消费者的真实意思表示。文中主要从两个部分进行论述。首先论述了保护消费者真实意思表示与实现消费者契约自由的关系。消费者真实的意思表示是实现消费者契约自由的重要途径，消费者真实的表达自己内在的意思是其行使契约自由的具体表现。因此，保护消费者真实的意思表示也就是保护其契约自由。其次，论述了保护消费者真实意思表示对经营者的影响。保护消费者真实意思表示是建立在消费者的弱者地位基础上，但不能损害经营者的合法权益。对于经营者能力范围之外或者有不可抗力情形时，不能强迫经营者牺牲自己的合法权益来实现消费者的利益。第四部分根据上文保护消费者真实意思表示的思路，并结合消费者保护在我国法律上不足的具体表现，提出在《合同法》以及《消费者权益保护法》中的相关制度完善。如细化格式条款的规定，建立强制缔约制度以及冷却期制度等。此外，对于新型的消费者合同也应该及时作出相关规定，以完善对消费者权益的保护。
[Abstract]:The consumer problem is accompanied by the development of the commodity economy. In the modern commodity economy, the consumer is very different from the operator in the economic strength, the ability to grasp the information and its own knowledge and skills. This difference directly leads to the inequality in the status of the consumers and the operators. The unequal status in the position, the operator is in the dominant position in the transaction, the consumer is forced to bend to the operator under the pressure of reality, let the operator make or modify the content of the transaction. Under the interest of the operator, the operator will inevitably sacrifice the rights and interests of the consumer to realize its own interests. Due to restrictions, the fairness of the transaction will be lost. Due to the influence of historical factors, there is still a situation of neglecting the freedom of the consumer contract in China, which leads to the incomplete and imperfect protection of the consumer in the process of making the law. For example, the contract law is too general and abstract to the consumer rights and interests, < the consumer protection law > > The protection of consumers' rights and interests under the modern contract concept is mainly to protect the true meaning of the consumer, because the real meaning expression is the concrete expression of the realization of the consumer contract freedom. The law passes the true meaning of the consumer to the consumer. The protection of the expression can avoid the interests of the consumer according to the content of the transaction which is determined by its unilateral meaning. Based on such a protection, we should improve the provisions of relevant laws, such as the contract law and the law of the protection of the consumer rights and interests, protect the true meaning of the consumer, realize the freedom of the consumer, and safeguard its legitimacy. Rights and interests.
This article discusses the consumer protection under the modern contract idea from four parts:
The first part expounds the deficiency of the protection of the rights and interests of consumers in China's law. It mainly analyzes the two basic laws of the contract law and the rights and interests of the consumer. It is clear that the extension of the consumer's rights is too narrow, the new consumer contract is lacking and the protection of the consumer association is not in place in four aspects, which explains the imperfections of the law on the protection of consumer rights and interests.
The second part expounds the legal origin of the insufficient consumer protection, namely, the neglect of the consumer's freedom of contract. The freedom of contract has developed from the idea of modern absolute contract freedom to a certain limit to the freedom of contract. However, under the influence of historical factors, the modern law still has the situation of neglecting the freedom of the consumer contract. Basically, it is because of the unequal trading status of the operator and the consumer. The operator is far more than the consumer in the economic strength, the awareness of the transaction information and so on, which leads to the neglect of the consumer's freedom of contract and the inability to truly express the meaning of his own heart.
The third part puts forward the basic idea of consumer protection under the concept of modern contract, that is, to protect the real meaning of consumers. The article mainly discusses the relationship between the protection of the real meaning of consumers and the realization of the freedom of the consumer contract. The meaning of the consumer's true meaning is to realize the consumer contract. An important way of freedom is that the real expression of the meaning inherent in the consumer is the concrete expression of the freedom of the contract. Therefore, to protect the true meaning of the consumer is to protect the freedom of the contract. Secondly, it discusses the effect of protecting the true meaning of the consumer to the operator. On the basis of the status of the weak person of the consumer, it can not damage the legitimate rights and interests of the operator. In the case of the ability of the operator or the circumstances of force majeure, the operator can not force the operator to sacrifice his own legitimate rights and interests to realize the interests of the consumer.
The fourth part, based on the idea of protecting the true meaning of the consumer, and combining with the specific performance of the consumer protection in China's law, puts forward the perfection of the related systems in the contract law and the law of the protection of the rights and interests of consumers, such as the provision of detailed format clauses, the establishment of a system of strong contracting and the cooling period system, etc. In order to improve the protection of consumers'rights and interests, relevant provisions should be made in time for the new consumer contracts.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D923.8;D923.6

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