论情势变更原则在建设工程施工合同中的适用

发布时间：2018-08-27 16:49

【摘要】：情势变更原则是合同法律制度中的重要原则，作为“契约严守”规则的例外，它更多体现的是“诚实信用”和“公平合理”的民法精神。情势变更原则在我国立法中的确立也是经历了一个反复推敲、不断演进的过程，以逐步适应我国当前的经济和社会发展趋势。而从建筑施工市场的现实环境来看，由于建设工程施工合同的履约期限长、建材价格波动较大、易受国家政策法规影响等特殊性，加之国内外经济形势中的不稳定因素，造成了合同履行中的诸多困难和不合理现象，所以如何在该领域中运用情势变更原则显得尤为重要。本文主要分为四个部分展开论述，将相关的法学理论和具体案例相结合，采用文献研究法、案例分析法等方法，重点确定了在建设工程施工合同领域的具体适用范围以及可能适用情势变更原则的几种常见情形，同时提出司法实践中相关的注意问题，以期对我国建设工程施工合同的纠纷解决有所帮助。第一部分是情势变更原则在建设工程施工合同领域中适用的必要性。通过阐述情势变更原则的概念和在国内外确立的过程，结合建设工程施工合同标的特殊、履行期限长、易受法规政策影响等特征，进一步明确了该原则在建设工程施工合同领域适用的意义和必要性。第二部分讲述的是情势变更原则在施工合同领域的适用条件和适用范围。首先从主客观条件、时间性及结果要件等角度详细阐述了情势变更条款的构成要件，同时结合施工合同的特征探讨了情势变更原则在该领域适用条件的特殊性；然后对建设施工领域中的合同变更、工程变更与情势变更加以对比介绍，明确几种变更名称的异同点；最后通过工程价款计价方式的不同对施工合同进行分类，指明情势变更原则主要适用于施工合同中的固定价合同。第三部分重点介绍了建设工程施工合同领域中可能适用情势变更原则的几种常见情形。这部分通过实际案例或事例的形式，列举了三种常见因素可能引发的情势变更事由。其中，第一个案例是由履行期内建材价格的异常波动引发的情势变更；第二个案例是政策法规变化引发了“情势”上的变更，但是不符合适用该原则的时间要件；第三个事例是由天气的异常变化引发的情势变更，，虽然并未通过法院的诉讼程序，但从律所出具的法律意见书和双方最后达成的和解协议来看，均体现了运用类似情势变更规则来解决合同纠纷的原理。第四部分从情势变更条款适用建设工程施工合同领域的具体实践出发，将“情势变更”与相关易混淆概念“不可抗力”、“商业风险”等逐一作了区分，使我们能更清晰地认识到情势变更的“非不可抗力性”和“非商业风险性”；同时指出该领域适用情势变更原则的注意问题，比如：在衡量价格波动幅度时不应该以单项要素价格的波动为准、可适当参考当地政府出台的价格调整文件确定“明显不公平”的临界点、在慎用情势变更条款的同时应积极发挥调解的作用等等。
[Abstract]:The principle of change of circumstances is an important principle in the legal system of contracts. As an exception to the rule of strict observance of contracts, it embodies the spirit of civil law of "good faith" and "fairness and rationality". From the perspective of the actual environment of the construction market, due to the special characteristics of the construction contract, such as the long term of performance, the large fluctuation of the price of building materials, the vulnerability to the influence of national policies and regulations, and the unstable factors in the domestic and foreign economic situation, many difficulties and unreasonableness in the performance of the contract have been caused. Therefore, how to apply the principle of change of circumstances in this field is particularly important.
This article mainly divides into four parts to carry on the elaboration, unifies the related legal theory and the concrete case, uses the literature research method, the case analysis method and so on method, has determined in the construction project construction contract domain concrete application scope as well as possibly applies the situation change principle several common situations, simultaneously proposed in the judicial practice correlation In order to help solve disputes in the construction contract of our country.
The first part is the necessity of the application of the principle of change of circumstances in the field of construction contract.By expounding the concept of the principle of change of circumstances and the process of establishing it at home and abroad,combining with the characteristics of the special object of construction contract,the long term of performance and the vulnerability to the influence of laws and policies,this paper further clarifies the principle in the construction of construction project. The significance and necessity of the application of the contract area.
The second part describes the applicable conditions and scope of the principle of change of circumstances in the field of construction contracts. First, the article elaborates the constituent requirements of the clause of change of circumstances from the subjective and objective conditions, timeliness and result requirements, and discusses the particularity of the applicable conditions of the principle of change of circumstances in this field in combination with the characteristics of construction contracts. Then it compares and introduces the contract change, the project change and the situation change in the construction field, and clarifies the similarities and differences of several kinds of change names. Finally, it classifies the construction contracts through the different valuation methods of the project price, and points out that the principle of the situation change is mainly applicable to the fixed price contract in the construction contract.
The third part mainly introduces several common situations that may be applicable to the principle of change of circumstances in the field of construction contract.This part lists three common reasons for the change of circumstances which may be caused by three common factors through actual cases or cases.The first case is caused by the abnormal fluctuation of the price of building materials during the period of performance. The second case is the change of circumstances caused by the change of policies and regulations, but it does not conform to the time requirements for the application of the principle; the third case is the change of circumstances caused by abnormal weather changes, although not through the court proceedings, but the legal opinions issued by the law and the final agreement between the two parties. To solve the agreement, it embodies the principle of using similar rules of change of circumstances to solve contract disputes.
In the fourth part, based on the specific practice of the application of the change of circumstances clause in the field of construction contract, we distinguish the "change of circumstances" from the confusing concepts of "force majeure" and "commercial risk" one by one, so that we can more clearly understand the "force majeure" and "non-commercial risk" of the change of circumstances. At the same time, the paper points out the problems that should be paid attention to when applying the principle of change of circumstances in this field. For example, the fluctuation of price of single factor should not be taken as the criterion when measuring the fluctuation of price, the critical point of "obvious unfairness" can be determined by referring to the price adjustment documents issued by the local government properly, and the mediation should be brought into play actively while cautiously using the clause of change of circumstances. And so on.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D923.6

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