论保险人的法定解除权

发布时间：2018-09-12 14:56

【摘要】：人类社会随时面临着来自自然或社会的各种危险,为了抵御风险,保险集合多数人的力量,形成保险责任金,在个人发生保险事故时,予以赔偿,从而达到分散危险、消化损失的目的,并且促进了社会的稳定。但是,在我国保险业运作的过程中,保险不规范行为时常发生。保险人藉其优势地位,占有专业的保险信息和制定格式条款等,并常在保险事故发生之后滥用法定解除权抗辩投保方提出的保险金给付请求。其原因在于国民保险意识不高,致使保险失信行为时常发生,深究根本在于保险法律规范的缺失,对保险人的解约行为失去了应有的制约作用。为了规范保险人行使合同解除权的行为,平衡合同双方的权益,维护保险市场健康发展,本文对保险合同的法定解除权进行了深入、系统的研究,以期对保险法的法定解除制度的进一步完善能有所裨益。本文分为引言、正文和结论三部分。其中,正文由以下四部分组成: 第一部分介绍了保险合同法定解除权的基本理论。先是确定保险合同法定解除权的概念范围,通过对比与其相近的概念来深入了解其内涵。续而分析法定解除权的性质和立法分配,指出法定解除权的分配应遵守“向投保人倾斜”的立法原则。保险合同是契约的一种,是双方当事人意志一致的产物,依法成立的合同双方都应当严格依法履行,不得随意解除。但是,在保险合同履行过程中,由于投保方的过错行为或者客观情势变更导致危险状况发生显著的变化,如果要求保险方予以继续履行,有失对价平衡。并且,由于投保方过错致使保险合同难以为续,要求投保方承担不利法律后果是最大诚信原则的要求。所以,最大诚信原则和对价平衡原则是法定解除权产生的理论依据,并在解除权的具体规则中起价值导向作用。第二部分分析了保险合同法定解除权的适用事由。法律规定的法定解除权的行使条件多样化,所以本章分节具体探讨每一适用事由产生的缘由、行使的具体条件等,以求能保障保险人解除合同的合法性,防止其在不符合法定的条件下任意解除合同。法定解除权的适用事由具体分为未如实履行如实告知义务,其中涵盖了合同签订时和订立后的告知义务;恶意骗保;违反安全防护义务;违反危险增加通知义务;合同效力中止后两年内未达成复效协议。第三部分探讨了保险合同法定解除权的行使问题。在行使主体中,解除权行使的相对人应当增加被保险人、受益人。保险人的解除行为之所以能够对受益人生效,是因为受益人由期待利益转化为了实体权利。保险人应采用书面形式将解除的意思在规定的期限内告知相对人,才能发生解除的效力。虽然解除权为保险人的利益而设,但其权利应受到严格的限制,以平衡与投保人之间地位实质平等。否则,在特定的情形下,保险人的解除权将消灭,如经过一定的除斥期间,弃权或投保方主张禁止反言。第四部分解构保险合同法定解除权的法律效力。保险人行使解除权会发生保险合同的效力归于消灭的效力,但从何时消灭,涉及到法定解除权的溯及力问题。要分析保险法领域中解除权的溯及力问题,就不能脱离合同解除权的溯及力理论。按照合同法的规则,保险合同作为继续性合同,其解除不具有溯及力。但由于保险合同不同于普通民商事合同,所以结合类型化研究方法,探讨保险合同法定解除权何种情形下具有溯及力,从而对当事人双方的权利义务作出合理的分配。最后,基于上述分析讨论,对完善我国保险合同法定解除制度提出若干建议,旨在限制保险人滥用合同解除权,维护当事人双方应有的合法权益,使法律规范在实践中能更好地发挥作用,进而促进我国保险市场的健康、和谐发展。
[Abstract]:Human society is faced with all kinds of dangers from nature or society at any time. In order to resist risks, insurance collects the strength of most people, forms insurance liability, and compensates them in case of personal insurance accidents, so as to disperse dangers, digest losses and promote social stability. The insurer, by virtue of his dominant position, holds professional insurance information and formulates standard clauses, and often abuses his statutory right of rescission to defend the insured's claim for payment of insurance money after the occurrence of an insurance accident. In order to regulate the behavior of the insurer in exercising the right to rescind the contract, balance the rights and interests of both parties to the contract, and safeguard the healthy development of the insurance market, this paper makes a thorough and systematic study on the legal right to rescind the insurance contract in order to regulate the behavior of the insurer in exercising the right to rescind the contract. This paper is divided into three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The text consists of the following four parts:
The first part introduces the basic theory of the statutory right of rescission of insurance contracts. First, it defines the scope of the concept of the statutory right of rescission of insurance contracts. Then it analyzes the nature and legislative distribution of the statutory right of rescission, and points out that the distribution of the statutory right of rescission should abide by the legislation of "inclining to the insured". Principle of law. Insurance contract is a kind of contract, which is the product of the will of both parties. Both parties to the contract established according to law should strictly perform it according to law and can not be terminated at will. However, in the process of fulfilling the insurance contract, significant changes in the dangerous situation will occur due to the negligence of the insured party or changes in the objective situation, if required. If the insurer continues to perform the contract, the balance of consideration will be lost. Moreover, it is difficult to continue the contract because of the fault of the insured. It is the requirement of the principle of utmost good faith to require the insured to bear adverse legal consequences. Therefore, the principle of utmost good faith and the principle of balance of consideration are the theoretical basis for the legal right of rescission and play a role in the specific rules of the right of rescission. Value orientation.
The second part analyzes the reasons for the application of the statutory right of rescission of insurance contracts.The conditions for the exercise of the statutory right of rescission prescribed by law are diversified.Therefore, this chapter discusses in detail the causes of each applicable cause and the specific conditions for its exercise so as to ensure the legitimacy of the rescission of the insurance contract and prevent the insurer from assuming his duties under the conditions not in conformity with the statutory provisions. The application of the statutory right of rescission can be divided into three categories: failure to perform the duty of telling the truth, which covers the obligation of telling the truth at the time of signing the contract and after signing the contract; malicious fraud; breach of the obligation of security protection; breach of the obligation of notifying the increase of danger; failure to reach a resumption agreement within two years after the termination of the validity of the contract.
The third part discusses the exercise of the statutory right of rescission of insurance contracts.In the exercise of the right of rescission, the relative party should increase the insured and the beneficiary. Although the right of rescission is established for the benefit of the insurer, its rights should be strictly restricted to balance the status between the insured and the insured. Otherwise, under certain circumstances, the right of rescission of the insurer will be extinguished. If the period of exclusion is certain, the right of rescission of the insurer will be abandoned. The right or the insurer advocates the estoppel.
The fourth part deconstructs the legal effect of the right of rescission of an insurance contract.The exercise of the right of rescission by the insurer will result in the effect attributable to the extinction of the insurance contract. According to the rules of contract law, insurance contract, as a continuing contract, has no retrospective effect on its termination. However, because insurance contract is different from ordinary civil and commercial contract, this paper discusses the retrospective effect of the statutory right of termination of insurance contract by combining with typological research methods, so as to make a reasonable distinction between the rights and obligations of both parties. Match.
Finally, based on the above analysis and discussion, some suggestions are put forward to improve the legal termination system of insurance contracts in China, aiming at restricting the insurer's abuse of the right to terminate the contract, safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of both parties, so that the legal norms can play a better role in practice, and thus promote the healthy and harmonious development of China's insurance market.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D922.284

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