船舶优先权视角下的船员权益问题研究

发布时间：2018-03-07 14:10

本文选题：船舶优先权　切入点：船员工资　出处：《华东政法大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：在我国现行海商法体系下,享受船舶优先权担保的船员工资及福利请求被置于船舶优先权的首位。但由于历史条件的限制,我国海商法制定之时并未对船舶优先权担保的船员福利及工资的请求权做具体详细的规定,从而导致有关船员工资及福利请求的规定的适用存在诸多模糊之处。本文即以船舶优先权视角下的船员工资及福利请求权为视角,从船舶优先权的相关基本理论出发,研究其静态法律关系中的诸个要素的界定方法与范围。在问题的研究方法上,本文以法教义学中的解释论为出发点,在溯源性的确定了理论基础及原理之后,以我国现行法的基本体系为背景对船舶优先权担保的船员工资及福利请求权的主体、客体以及范围进行了解释与界定,并提出现行法中的不完善之处。本文力求在现行法体系内找到解决这些问题的途径,以达到澄清理论基础、确定法律适用规则的目的。引言部分阐述了本文的研究目的与意义、拟解决的问题、选题的背景以及研究方法。在引言部分提出问题之后,本文第一章首先从船舶优先权的基本概念、性质以及基础理论入手,简单阐述了船舶优先权的概念及性质。在对船舶优先权性质的分析中,在确定本文所持的船舶优先权为担保物权的基本观点之后,笔者结合民法体系中担保物权法律制度的具体分类,明确了本文所讨论的船舶优先权的性质可以类推适用担保物权中有关法定抵押权的规定,为后文在我国法律体系内分析诸种要素的界定与范围提供了理论基础。其次,通过探究英国法下以及世界其他各国法律制度、国际公约的规定,从理论上分析了船员工资及福利请求之所以能够获得船舶优先权的担保,其主要原因是经济学中船员劳动对船舶航运活动中的增值理论。另外,普通法下船员为船舶提供服务的理论也为其设立提供了基础,公共政策保护为权利的产生提供了形式保障,“受偏爱的当事人”的地位为权利的产生设立了道德保障。同时,明确了该种理论在近代的发展过程中已经被加入了基本人权保护的内涵,使其成为国际范围内均受认可的制度。最后,为使后文讨论的“主体”问题更加清晰,本章最后一节通过对比研究英国法下的“为船舶提供服务”的理论以及国际公约中“在船上任职”的基本概念,明确了我国实然法下船员取得船舶优先权保护的基础不仅可以基于书面合同,同样可以适用“为船舶提供服务”理论。本文第二章主要研究的问题为船舶优先权所担保的船员工资及福利请求权主体的界定。本章第一节通过比较英国法之规定,对我国船舶优先权视角下的“船员”做了对比性的界定。本文认为,我国海商法体系下,“船长”与“船员”所享有的船舶优先权在本质上并不存在区分,但在“船长”与“船员”的优先权请求发生竞合时,可以参照英国法之规定,让“船员”的权利享受更优先的地位;另外,确定了《海商法》中“在船上工作的其他在编人员”主要指“虽然不从事航海事务但却在船舶定员之内并为船舶服务的其他各类人员”,其与英美法下的排除“member of crew”的“seaman”范围类似。本章第二节主要探讨了不适任船员的主体资格问题。根据第一章所述“为船舶提供服务”的理论,确定了不适任船员基于“为船舶提供服务”的理论,其工资及福利请求权同样可以获得船舶优先权的担保。最后,认为在劳务派遣关系中,劳务派遣船员的工资及福利请求不管是基于“为船舶提供服务”的理论还是基于“劳动法律、法规的规定”,均可以获得船舶优先权的担保,但垫付船员工资的劳务公司由于其商事主体的性质,不能基于垫付行为而取得该项权利。本文第三章主要讨论的问题为船舶优先权所担保的船员工资及福利请求权客体及范围的界定。首先,本章通过对比研究,认为我国海商法律体系下,船舶优先权所担保的客体较窄,对船员基本权利的保护较为不利。基于此点现象提出了在修改《海商法》时增加客体范围的建议。同时认为,在《海商法》修订之前,基于船舶优先权性质理论,同样可以依据《物权法》中有关担保物权的相关规定,扩张船舶优先权客体的范围,运费、保险赔偿金、征收补偿金等即在此列。其次,对船员工资的范围“工资”做了详细解释,认定我国船舶优先权担保的船员工资及福利包括船员之基本工资(计时工资、计件工资、奖金、津贴和补贴、延长工作时间的工资报酬以及特殊情况下支付的工资等)、因为船舶提供服务而产生的一切劳动利益(佣金、认股权、人寿保险、养老金计划、医疗保险、住房补贴、等一切与劳动关系有关的利好和权益)、主债权之利息、违约金、损害赔偿金、保管担保财产和实现担保物权的费用、船员遣返费用、社会保险费用。
[Abstract]:In China's current maritime law system, enjoy the maritime lien guarantees the crew wages and welfare request is placed in the ship priority first. But due to historical conditions, welfare and wages of the crew claim China's maritime law is not on maritime lien guarantees made detailed provisions, resulting in apply the relevant crew wages and welfare provisions of the request there are many ambiguities. This paper is a maritime lien from the perspective of crew wages and welfare right perspective, starting from basic theory of maritime lien, the definition and scope of the method of the static elements in legal relationship. The problems in research methods in this paper, and explain in the science doctrine theory as a starting point, after determining the theoretical basis and principle of traceability, the basic system of China's current law as the background of maritime lien. The main claim of wages and welfare insurance crew, the object and scope of explanation and definition, and proposed the method of imperfections. This paper tries to find the ways to solve these problems in the current law system, in order to clarify the theoretical basis, to determine the applicable law rules. The preface explains the purpose and significance of this research, the problems to be solved, the background and research methods. After the introduction, the first chapter of this paper starts from the basic concept of maritime lien, and the nature of the basic theory, briefly discusses the concept and nature of maritime lien. In the analysis of the nature of priority on the ship in this paper, in determining the priority for basic view of real right for security, combined with the specific classification of law system of civil law system, clear the ship of The nature of the priority right to relevant legal mortgage guarantee analogy, provides a theoretical basis for the analysis of the definition in the legal system of our country in various kinds of elements and scope. Secondly, through the study of British law and the rest of the world legal system, the provisions of international conventions, from the theoretical analysis of the crew wages and benefits have been able to obtain the request of maritime lien guarantees, the main reason is the value theory of economics of crew of shipping activities. In addition, the common law for the ship to provide service crew theory also provided the basis for its establishment, provides a formal guarantee of public policy to protect the rights, "the preference of the parties" status for the rights have established moral protection. At the same time, clear the theory in the modern development process has been added to the basic human rights. The connotation, to become an international range of recognized system. Finally, in order to make the discussion of the "subject" problem more clearly, the last section of this chapter, through the comparative study of English law "for the ship to provide service" theory and international convention "on the ship as the basic concept, made clear our country" law under the protection of the ship crew priority based not only based on the written contract, can also be used to provide services for the ship theory. The second chapter mainly studies the problem of defining the maritime lien guarantees the crew wages and benefits of the main claim. The first section of this chapter through the comparison of the British the provisions of law, defines the contrast of China's maritime lien under the perspective of "crew". This paper argues that China's maritime law system, "the captain" and "crew" enjoy priority in the ship There is no distinction between matter, but the concurrence at the request of the "priority captain" and "crew", can refer to the provisions of the British law, let the "crew" the right to enjoy higher priority; in addition, the "maritime law >" working on the boats and other personnel in the "mainly refers to" although not engaged in maritime affairs but in ship and ship service personnel within other personnel, and under Anglo American law to exclude "member of crew" and "seaman" are similar. The second section mainly discusses the problem of inadequate crew qualification. According to the first chapter of the "service as the ship theory, determine the incompetent crew based on" service to the ship "theory, the wages and welfare claims can also obtain maritime lien guarantees. Finally, in labor dispatching, labor dispatch crew Wages and benefits regardless of request is based on the "service to the ship" theory is based on "labor laws, regulations, can obtain maritime lien guarantees, but the crew in advance wage labor service companies due to the nature of the commercial subject, cannot pay for pad and obtained the rights based on the third chapter of this paper. The main issues to be discussed are the scope and definition of the maritime lien guarantees the crew wages and benefits claim object. Firstly, this chapter through the comparative study, that China's maritime legal system, object secured by maritime lien is narrow, to protect the fundamental rights of the crew. This phenomenon is disadvantageous to increase based on object in the scope of the proposed revision of the maritime law > is proposed. At the same time, in" prior to the amendment of Maritime Law >, the theory of ship priority based nature, can also be based on the "collateral property law > right The relevant provisions of the scope of the expansion of maritime lien object freight, insurance compensation, compensation for expropriation of gold in this series. Secondly, the scope of the crew wages "to do a detailed explanation, that China's maritime lien guarantees the crew wages and benefits of the wages (including crew hourly wages, piece rate wages, bonuses, allowances and subsidies, prolong the working time of wages and the wage paid under special circumstances), all labor interests because any service produces (commissions, options, life insurance, pension, medical insurance, housing subsidies, and all related to labor relations and good interests), interest the main creditor, liquidated damages, damages, keeping the property for security and for realizing the real rights for security costs, crew repatriation and social insurance costs.

【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D922.294

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