论国际劳工标准的趋强化发展及其对策研究

发布时间：2018-04-03 09:03

本文选题：软法　切入点：国际劳工标准　出处：《华东政法学院》2004年硕士论文

【摘要】：伟大的德国哲学家康德曾在《永久和平论》中引进了法的第三个维度:除了国家法和国际法之外,还应当有世界公民法(权利)。康德认为,民主法治国家作为一种共和主义制度,是建立在人权基础上的,它不仅要求用脆弱的国际法来约束被战争主宰的国际交往。而且,国家内部的法律状态也应当用全球性的法律状态来加以限制。康德论证到,贸易精神,早晚有一天会支配每一个民族,因此经济的发展必然会导致世界的一体化。世界公民法也将发展起来。康德关于世界经济一体化的预言已经成为现实。虽然无法预言,国际劳动标准最终将怎样的改变我国的劳动法律制度。但现实已经清楚的展现在我们面前,国际劳动标准已经通过各种方式对我国的劳动法律制度产生了深远的影响。如何顺应这一时代潮流,改革、调整、完善我国劳动法律制度,是亟待我们解决的课题。本文突破了传统上对国际劳工标准的“应然”讨论思路,试图从“实然” WP=3 的角度,更加清楚的认识和分析国际劳工标准。指出:我国长期以来对国际劳工标准的“软法”态度及其成因。从宏观、中观和微观三个层面论述了当今时代,国际劳工标准强势化发展的趋势。考察了国际劳工标准趋强化发展给我们带来的影响,以及我国对待“劳动法”的“软法”思维,造成的劳动基准法缺位、“三方协调机制”虚位、政府行政部门错位等体制缺陷。提出应积极调整、完善国内劳动法律制度,与国际劳工标准接轨,更好的服务与我国社会、经济发展。本文由四部分组成: 第一章我国对国际劳工标准的态度——软法。本章指出了我国长期对待国际劳工标准的“软法”观。第一节我国对待国际劳工标准的“软法”。观长期以来,我国一直将国际劳工标准视为“软法”,学者们与有关行政部门的态度虽略有所不同,但总体态度是一致的。“软法”观的最主要根据是国际劳工标准的执行是基于“自愿”批准的,在此基础上发展出的其他观点,也都没有脱离这一思维模式。应当转变这一态度,以实然的角度认识国际劳工标准,以积极的态度接纳国际劳工标准。第二节对国际劳工标准“软法”观的原因分析。从历史发展的角度看,传统的国际劳工标准确实曾经是“软法”。其国际公约和建议书的生效过程中,有“软法”的因素。但一味把国际劳工标准看作“软法”的观点,显然是落后、传统的。因为,在当今时代国际劳工标准已经走强,向着有强制力保障的趋势发展,我们需要与时俱进,及时转变思维,以积极的态度对待国际劳工标准。国际劳工标准的趋强化发展。值得注意的是,在我国学者还在讨论国际劳工标准会不会变成贸易壁垒;还在理所当然的认为国际劳工标准是“软法”,完全取决于当事国的自愿执行的时候,国际劳工标准已经从宏观、中观、微观三个层面开始了强势发展,并已经对我国直接产生了影响。宏观层面——国际劳工组织的强势推动。在发展态势上从核心国际劳工标准、体面劳动和全球协议三个方面不断强化。随着全球化的负面效 WP=4 应的产生,强化国际劳工标准是必然之路。第二节中观层面——国际政府组织的强制挂钩。在国际政府组织WTO提出了把国际劳工标准与贸易制裁强制挂钩的“社会条款”。这一趋势由来已久。社会条款出现的有其必然性。发达国家为了销弱发展中国家的比较贸易优势必然做这样的选择。我国作为世界上最大的发展中国家一直与广大发展中国家一起坚决抵制“社会条款”,但是我们也要清醒的认识到,在发达国家主导的国际社会里,“游戏规则”从来就是发达国家制订的。处在产业链条下游、出口主导型经济的中国很难主导趋势的发展,更多的只能是顺应。所以,“社会条款”的强势化发展不容忽视。第三节微观层面——国际民间组织的强力渗透。从“清洁成衣运动”到“司法救济”期间完成了一场市民社会的造法运动。其肇始是消费者劳工运动,以联合抵抗(Boycott)为特征,迫使企业遵守劳动标准。其发展是生产守则运动。从企业守则到行业守则再到国际认证标准,生产守则已经成为了国际贸易中不可或缺的部分,对经济的发展有直接制约。其纵深是司法救济。由于生活守则的缺陷,非政府组织正在积极寻求通过司法诉讼的方式创造法律判例。实质上也就完成了一场市民社会造法的过程。第三章国际劳工标准趋强化发展对我国的影响第一节国际劳工标准趋强化发展对我国的影响。从三个层面趋强化对我国造成了影响:宏观层面:我国已批准了有关公约将国际劳工标准,特别是核心国家劳工标准纳入我国劳动法律体系已经成为了我们的义务。中观层面值得我们注意的是,即便在WTO的层面上“社会条款”还没有实现,但是在其他一些领域,“社会条款”,或曰“针对劳工标准的贸易制裁”已经在我们的国际贸易领域中出现。微观层面我国接受过标准核查的企业应超过8000家,很多企业因达不到标准而被大量撤单,更有部分行业可能因此而再也难以迈出国门。我国对国际劳工标准的“软法”态度,不只是反映了我国对国际劳工标准的陈旧认识,更由于了我国对“劳动法”本身就是一种“软法”观。如果继续坚持这种思维,必将严重阻碍我国经济的健康发展。 WP=5 第二节我国劳动法与国际劳工标准接轨的制度障碍。主要存在三方面的障碍:形式障碍——劳动基准法的缺位。国际劳工标准体
[Abstract]:The great German philosopher Kant once in "perpetual peace" on the introduction of the third dimensions: in addition to the national law and international law, there shall be a citizen of the world law (right). Kant believes that democratic countries under the rule of law as a republican system is established on the basis of human rights, it is not only required for international law's fragile constraints are dominated by war international communication. Moreover, the legal status within the country should also be restricted by the legal status of global. Kant argues that trade spirit, sooner or later will dominate every nation, so the economic development will inevitably lead to the integration of the world. World citizenship law will the development of it.
Kant about the integration of the world economy that has become a reality. Although not predicted that international labor standards will eventually change how our labor legal system. But the reality has been clearly shown in front of us, the international labor standard has been through far-reaching influence on China's labor law system to adapt to the various ways. The trend of the times, reform and adjustment, perfecting the legal system of labor, is the urgent need to address the issue. We
This article breaks through the traditional "deserved" discussion of international labor standards and tries to be "true".
WP=3
The point of view, more clear understanding and analysis of international labor standards. It is pointed out that for a long time in China, the international labor standard of "soft law" attitude and their causes. From the macro, meso and micro three levels discussed in the present era, the strong trend development of international labor standards. The research of the trend of the international labor standards tend to influence and strengthen the development of to us, and our treatment of the "labor law" "soft law" thinking, due to the absence of the Labor Standards Law, "virtual three party coordination mechanism, the government administrative departments such as dislocation defects. This system should actively adjust and perfect the labor law system, in line with the international labor standards, economic better with China's social services, development.
This paper consists of four parts:
The first chapter of our country's attitude towards international labor standards - soft law. This chapter points out the "soft law" view of our country's long-term treatment of international labor standards.
The first section of China's treatment of the international labor standard of "soft law". The concept of a long time, China has been the international labor standards as "soft law", the scholars and the relevant administrative departments of the attitude is slightly different, but the overall attitude is consistent. The concept of "soft law" is mainly based on international the implementation of labor standards is based on the "voluntary" approval, other points out on the basis of the development, also are not out of this mode of thinking. We should change the attitude to the real point of understanding of international labor standards, with a positive attitude to accept the international labor standards.
Cause analysis of section second of the international labor standards of "soft law" concept. From the perspective of historical development, the traditional international labor standard was "soft law". The effect of international conventions and recommendations, there are "soft law". But blindly to the international labor standards as "soft law" point of view, is obviously backward and traditional. Because, in today's era of international labor standard has been strengthened, to force security trends, we need to keep pace with the times, change the thinking, to the international labor standards with a positive attitude.
The intensified development of international labour standards.
It is worth noting that the scholars in our country are still discussing the international labor standards will become a trade barrier; still think behoove the international labor standard is "soft law", it depends on voluntary parties of the international labor standard has been from the macro, meso and micro levels of three to start a strong development, and has been on China's direct impact.
The macro level is the strong impetus of the international labor organization. From the three aspects of core international labor standard, decent labor and global agreement, we should continue to strengthen the development trend. With the negative effect of globalization,
WP=4
It is the inevitable way to strengthen the international labor standards.
The second section linked mandatory middle aspect -- the international government organization. In the international government organization WTO put forward the international labor standards and trade sanctions compulsively "social clause". This long-standing trend. Social clause has its inevitability. The developed countries in order to pin a weak state in the development of trade advantage is bound to do so the choice of China as the world's largest developing country with a vast number of developing countries have been together resolutely resist the "social clause", but we should also recognize that the dominant in developed countries in the international society, the "rules of the game" is never developed countries. In the downstream industry chain, the development of export-oriented economy Chinese it is difficult to lead the trend, more is the only adaptation. Therefore, the strong development of social clause can not be ignored.
Section third: strong penetration of micro level international NGOs. From the "clean clothes campaign" to "judicial relief" during the completion of a civil society. The law making is beginning to consumer labor movement, the joint resistance (Boycott) characteristics, forcing companies to abide by the labor standard. Its development is the production code from the enterprise to the industry code. The code to international standards, rules of production has become an indispensable part of international trade, directly restricts the development of economy. It is the depth of judicial relief. Because of the defect of life code, non government organizations are actively seeking through litigation way to create legal precedent. The essence of it completed a civil society law making process.
The third chapter the influence of international labor standards strengthening on China
The first section of the international labor standard hardening effects on the development of our country. From the three aspects of influence of the enhancing trend of China's macro level: China has approved the Convention to international labor standards, especially the core labor standards into national labor law system in our country has become our duty. The middle level is we note that, even in the WTO on the level of "social clause" is not implemented, but in other areas, the "social clause", or "the labor standards of trade sanctions" has appeared in the US in the field of international trade. The micro level in China received standard verification of the enterprises should be more than 8000. Many enterprises due to reach the standard by a large number of withdrawals, some industries may therefore never to go abroad.
Our country to the international labor standard of "soft law" attitude, not only reflects China's old understanding of the international labor standards, because of China's "labor law" itself is a kind of "soft law" concept. If you carry on this kind of thinking, will seriously hinder the healthy development of China's economy.
WP=5
The second section is about the institutional barriers to the integration of labor law and international labor standards in China. There are three main obstacles: the form barrier -- the absence of labor standard law.

【学位授予单位】：华东政法学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：D99

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