强迫劳动与免于强迫劳动权

发布时间：2018-05-09 13:13

本文选题：强迫 + 劳动　；参考：《华东政法学院》2004年硕士论文

【摘要】：强迫劳动,总是与残酷的剥削制度联系在一起,与社会主义制度则格格不入。然而近年来,却不断有强迫劳动事件被披露出来。其实早在1994年,我国就在劳动法中明确规定了强迫劳动的各项法律责任,此后又在1997年修订的刑法中规定了强迫劳动罪。这些都表明了我国反对强迫劳动的决心。然而我国还是不断受到国际社会有关强迫劳动的指责,如在劳动改造、劳动教养中存在强迫劳动,而这些领域正是我国认为不存在强迫劳动的。究其原因,是我国认定强迫劳动的标准与国际社会认定的标准之间存在差异。国际社会对强迫劳动的规定体现于一系列的公约、条约、议定书等中,其中以国际劳工组织通过的两个关于强迫劳动的公约最为重要,即1930年的《强迫劳动公约》(又称第29号公约)及1957年的《废除强迫劳动公约》(又称第105号公约),这些公约认为,除有法律上或道义上的正当理由外,一切在惩罚威胁下进行的劳动都是强迫劳动。我国的强迫劳动标准主要规定在劳动法中,与国际上的强迫劳动标准相比,既存在相同之处,也有较大的差异。相同之处在于,我国法律规定的强迫劳动,是比较典型的强迫劳动形式,当然也是被国际社会所认可的;不同之处在于, WP=4 国际社会的强迫劳动标准具有主体广泛、适用领域广泛,强迫形式广泛的特点,而我国的强迫劳动标准则具有主体限定、强迫形式限定和适用领域限定的特点,即劳动法的适用主体即为强迫劳动的主体范围,强迫的形式仅限于暴力、威胁和非法限制人身自由。适用领域的仅限于劳动法适用范围内的劳动。我国与国际社会在强迫劳动标准上产生的差异,实质是对强迫劳动的性质存在不同的认识,国际社会认为免于强迫劳动是一项人权;而我国则认为免于强迫劳动是劳动者的一项具体劳动权利。导致我国的强迫劳动认定标准低于国际社会的原因并不是一个,是各方面因素共同作用的结果。其中既有政治上的因素,也有历史和文化上的因素,这些因素交织在一起,使我国形成了与西方世界不同的权利观念和意识形态。从意识层面上看,我国有着长期强迫劳动的传统,在漫长的中央集权制下,人民的权利意识和主张始终被压抑着,义务和服从是主要内容,在这种历史浸润下,人们的权利意识得不到发展,直到现在社会主义道德仍在宣扬以奉献和服从为核心的劳动道德。从制度层面上看,社会主义计划经济制度及按劳分配制度一方面消除了失业,另一方面也取消了就业的自由。从法律层面上看,宪法规定劳动是权利也是义务,国家提倡公民从事义务劳动。对劳动权和劳动义务的理解,是造成社会主义国家与资本主义国家对强迫劳动标准产生不同理解的原因。按照国际标准,我国还存在很多强迫劳动形式。如农民工中的强迫劳动、脑力劳动者中的强迫劳动、劳动改造、劳动教养、义务劳动、拐卖人口中的强迫劳动、家庭佣工中的强迫劳动等。这与法治化国家的理念相矛盾,也违背了我国保护人权的初衷。因此有必要引入国际标准,而且更重要的是,禁止强迫劳动,是我国必须履行的一项国际法义务。在我国,反对强迫劳动须从两个方面同时着手。一方面,针对目前已受法律规制的强迫劳动现象,加大执法力度;另一方面,针对许多强迫劳动尚无法可依的现状,完善现有立法,增加有关立法。
[Abstract]:Forced labour is always linked to the cruel stripping system , and it is not related to the socialist system . However , in recent years , there has been a growing number of forced labour incidents that have been disclosed . In fact , in 1994 , China has clearly defined the legal responsibility of forced labour in the labour law . Since then , the crime of forced labour has been set out in the revised criminal law of 1997 . These have shown our country ' s determination to combat forced labour .

However , China is constantly accused of forced labour in the international community , such as forced labour in the reform of labour and reeducation through labour , which is the reason why China considers that forced labour does not exist . This is the reason for the differences between the standard of forced labour and the standard recognized by the international community .

The international community ' s provisions for forced labour are embodied in a series of conventions , treaties , protocols , etc . , among which the two conventions adopted by the International Labour Organization on forced labour are the most important , namely , the Forced Labour Convention of 1930 ( also referred to as Convention No . 29 ) and the 1957 Forced Labour Convention ( also known as Convention No . 105 ) .

WP=4

The compulsory labor standard of the international community has the characteristics of wide subject , wide application field and wide forced form , and the compulsory labor standard in our country has the characteristics of main body definition , compulsory form limitation and application field , namely , the subject of labor law is the main scope of forced labour . The compulsory form is limited to violence , threat and illegal restriction of personal freedom . The applicable field is limited to labor within the scope of application of labor law .

The difference between our country and the international community on the standard of forced labour is essentially a different understanding of the nature of forced labour , and the international community believes that freedom from forced labour is a human right ; and my country believes that freedom from forced labour is a specific working right of workers .

The reason of forced labor recognition in our country is lower than that of the international community , and it is not a result of the common action of all factors . Among them both political factors and historical and cultural factors , these factors interweave together to form the rights and ideology different from the western world .

From the perspective of consciousness , our country has long - term forced labor tradition , under the long centralization system , people ' s rights consciousness and advocate are always pressed , obligation and obedience are the main content , in this historical invasion , people ' s rights consciousness is not developed . On the other hand , people ' s rights consciousness is not developed . On the other hand , socialist planned economy system and according to the labor distribution system have eliminated unemployment , and on the other hand , the state encourages citizens to engage in compulsory labour . The understanding of labor rights and labor obligations is the cause of different understandings between socialist countries and capitalist countries for forced labour standards .

In accordance with international standards , there are many forms of forced labour in China , such as forced labour in migrant workers , forced labour in mental workers , forced labour in labour reform , labour reeducation , compulsory labour , forced labour in human trafficking , forced labour in domestic workers , etc . This is contrary to the concept of law - governed countries and is contrary to our original intention to protect human rights . It is therefore necessary to introduce international standards and , more importantly , the prohibition of forced labour is an obligation of international law to be fulfilled in our country .

At the same time , in our country , it is necessary to deal with forced labour from two aspects . On the one hand , in view of the phenomenon of forced labour which is currently regulated by law , the enforcement of law enforcement is strengthened ; on the other hand , in view of the fact that many forced labour is not yet available , the existing legislation should be perfected and the relevant legislation should be added .

【学位授予单位】：华东政法学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：D99;D920.4

【引证文献】