基因隐私权的理论证成与民法规范

发布时间：2018-01-13 11:37

本文关键词：基因隐私权的理论证成与民法规范　出处：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：基因医学与基因技术的迅速发展使“人类基因”这一生命密码被“去弊”和破译,成为人类可以通过技术手段操控、干预和改造的对象。在繁冗复杂的社会实践中,法益介质的新生,在理论界必然引起对法益属性的纷争,目前主要有“人格权属性”“财产权属性”及折中的“人格性财产权”三种学术主张。本文首先从权利基础及实践进路上对上述三种学术主张进行了深度的分析与梳理,认为“财产权属性”与“人格性财产权属性”均存在自身无法突破的局限性,最终必将走向自身无法摆脱的矛盾与困境。在此基础上,应以“人格权属性”为逻辑进路,通过人格权权能扩张理论或自然延伸路径解决“人格权属性”所存在的“短板”,进而清理人格权之概念和属性上的杂芜,避免在人格权之上搭载过多的财产权因素及内容,进而维护我国权利体系的安全与平稳发展。为证立基因隐私权的人格权属性,本文以人类基因能否作为人格权的客体——人格要素为逻辑起点,从洛克提出的客观法——自然权利(Natural Right)理论分析基因隐私权的权利基础,认为人类基因在本质上是一种承载人类现实人格利益的物质载体,可以作为人格权的客体。在迅速发展的基因科技面前,基因信息对我们社会生活及交往方式的影响远超乎我们的想象,与个人生活的关系也呈愈来愈密切之势。在基因科学开启人类“生命密码”带来无限福祉的同时,也隐藏着侵害人权的利器,人们对个人基因隐私保护的内心需求愈来愈强烈,对个人尊严与价值的体现愈来愈受到重视。另外,在人格权视角下确认基因隐私权亦是我国私权发展与权利体系完善的必然,是现代社会法治发展与文明进步的标志。在人格权法的视角下,本文从基因隐私权之权利主体、权利客体、权能构造及权力边界等方面对基因隐私权进行了权利构造,认为基因隐私权的权利主体为自然人,权利客体为基因隐私这一人格要素,对其权能从基因隐私之知悉权、保密权、人格要素使用权及他人侵害之救济权四个方面进行了构建,为划清基因隐私权与其他相关权利的界限,从法律规定、国家及公共利益及诚实信用和公序良俗等方面对其权利边界进行了设定。本文在对已于2017年3月15日经第十二届全国人民代表大会第五次会议通过的《民法总则》相关规定进行评析的基础上,对基因隐私权的民法典表达问题进行了探讨,从人格权法在我国未来民法典中应否单独设编出发,在参考世界各国民法典的立法例的基础上,认为人格权单独设编具有自身无可消除的障碍,亦会极大地限制人格权内涵的发展及客体的不断扩张,基因隐私权应跟随人格权碎片化表达的方式,贯穿于民法典相关章节的前后与始终,并对基因隐私权之民法规则进行了尝试性地架构。对基因隐私权的研究,无可回避的是对其进行私法救济的问题。本文从人格权请求权、侵权责任请求权、合同法请求权三个维度归纳出对基因隐私权可以保护的请求权基础。在侵权责任法视角下,侵害基因隐私权之侵权责任应适用一般侵权责任的归责原则——即过错责任归责原则,并应从亲属基因、公共利益、危险地位的第三人及公开的基因数据库四个方面对基因隐私权的支配进行限制,对于侵害基因隐私权之责任的承担,应适用停止侵害、消除影响、恢复名誉、赔礼道歉及赔偿损失等责任承担方式。
[Abstract]:The rapid development of gene medicine and gene technology to "human genes" this life "to harm" and the password is cracked, as humans can through technical means of control, intervention and transformation. In the social practice of the cumbersome, medium law students, in theory the inevitable cause of property law the dispute, there are "properties" personality right "property right attribute and" compromise "personal property rights" three kinds of academic proposition. This paper from the right foundation and practical approach to the three academic view is analyzed and combed the depth of thought "property" and "personal property rights property has its own limitation unable to break through, will eventually go their own can not get rid of the contradictions and difficulties. On this basis, should be based on" the right of personality attributes "as the logical approach, through the personality power theory or expansion A natural extension of path to solve the existing property right of personality of the "short board", and miscellaneous and cleaning of the personality right concept and attribute, avoid carrying too many factors and content of property rights in the right of personality, and maintaining security and stable development of China's system of rights. To stand attributes of genetic privacy the right of personality, the human gene can be used as the object of personal right -- personality factors as the logical starting point and objective -- natural rights from proposed by Rock (Natural Right) the right theory of genetic privacy, that the human gene is a kind of bearing personality interests of the human reality material carrier in nature, can be regarded as the object of personality right. In the face of the rapid development of gene technology, gene information on our social life and the way of communication is far beyond our imagination, and personal life is also more and more. Cut open the human potential. "The code of life" brings infinite well-being at the same time in gene science, but also hidden weapon against human rights, people's demand for personal genetic privacy protection is more and more intense, the personal dignity and value more and more attention. In addition, the personality right from the Perspective of genetic privacy also confirmed China's development and perfect system of private rights is inevitable, is a symbol of modern civilization and progress and social development of the rule of law. In the law of personality right from the perspective of the subject of rights, this article from the gene privacy right object, power structure and power boundary and other aspects of the structure of the right of genetic privacy, that the subject of right gene the right of privacy is a natural person, the object of the right to privacy of this gene personality factors, the power from the known gene privacy right, privacy right, use right and other elements of personality infringement relief rights four Aspects of the construction, to draw the boundaries of genetic privacy and other related rights, from the legal provisions, the national and public interests and the honest credit and public order and good customs and other aspects of the setting of the right boundary. In this paper, based on analyzing the relevant provisions of the general principles of civil Law > has passed in March 2017 15 of the Twelfth National the people's Congress of the fifth meeting of the ", discusses the expression of gene privacy right of the civil code, starting from the law of personality right in our country's future civil code should be arranged, in reference to the world of civil legislation, that personality right has its own separate part can not be eliminated the obstacles, expansion will also develop the object and greatly limits the connotation of personality right of genetic privacy should follow the right of personality fragmentation modes of expression, and throughout the civil code section and the beginning Finally, the gene privacy rules of civil law a tentative framework. Research on genetic privacy, is the unavoidable problem of the private law relief. This claim from the personality right, the right to request the tort liability, contract law claims three dimensions based on the protection of right of claim can be gene privacy. In the view of tort liability law, tort liability of infringement of the genetic privacy imputation principle for general tort liability, fault liability principle, and from the relatives of gene, public interests, the four aspects of risk status of the third people and open the database to control gene genetic privacy to limit the liability of infringement of privacy for gene commitment should be applied to stop the infringement, eliminate the impact of rehabilitation, apology and compensation for loss of responsibility.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923

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