消费者合同特殊性研究

发布时间：2018-02-04 01:25

本文关键词： 消费者合同经营者消费者　出处：《吉林大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：消费者合同作为连接消费者与经营者之间的纽带，无疑对双方而言都至关重要。而消费者与经营者之间结构性地存在着信息力、交涉力的差距的现实，更突显出消费者合同的特殊性。在这样的背景下，从消费者合同的界定出发，在合同订立、内容界定、合同履行过程中探寻针对消费者合同的特殊性，探究消费者权利保护的路径。界定消费者合同是研究消费者合同的前提。界定消费者合同，从主体身份角度进行。消费者的界定，其应当满足两个标准：消费者应当是自然人；同时，该自然人应当满足生活消费的目的。在判断消费目的上，坚持“客观行为说”，只要购买者没有将购买的商品或者服务用于营利行为，则其为生活消费。为生活消费而产生相应购买行为的主体，应当界定为消费者。经营者的界定，应当满足两个标准：行为的经营性和与消费者对应的标准。就行为的经营性而言，不论其营业是否营利，均为消费者保护法上的经营者；就与消费者对应的标准而言，，经营者只有直接或者间接与消费者发生合同关系时，才能成为消费者合同关系中的经营者。针对消费者合同缔结的特殊性，需要对其缔结过程进行专门化的约束。从宏观上，对消费者合同进行专门化的可能规制模式为，在合同法中增设引致条款，将消费者合同的约束过渡到《消费者权益保护法》中进行专门化规制。在微观上，对消费者合同从缔结到履行的整个过程进行家长式的关怀。对其合同形式及效力的认定上，只要不存在《合同法》关于无效合同认定的标准，原则上应当承认其成立，将其未提供相应形式的瑕疵作为履行的瑕疵，补正相应的形式即可。对其缔结实施“强制持续制度”。推后双方意思表示达成一致的时间，使双方在“强制持续期”内，完成各自的努力义务。鉴于消费者合同内容多为格式条款，在内容上，对其规制主要是通过对格式条款的规制实现。就格式条款的订入上，需经营者应当完成对格式条款的披露义务，消费者对格式条款表示同意方可订入。在格式条款的解释上，坚持通常理解原则、制定人不利原则、个别约定优先原则。就消费者合同内容的规制而言，主要在于合同条款无效的认定。从一般意义上，坚持两个标准：即是否偏离了任意规范与是否违反了诚信原则。从具体类型上需要对经营者责任进行详细的划分。同时，规定详细的无效认定的标准。在消费者合同的履行过程中，特殊的地方在于通过赋予消费者撤回权对消费者权利进行保护。但是，在消费者撤回权的适用范围上，应当坚持严格控制的前提下适度放宽标准，明确规定消费者撤回权的失效时间，防止消费者滥用撤回权。同时，鉴于消费者合同在履行过程中存在大量纠纷的现状，可匹配小额诉讼程序与消费者公益诉讼制度，从程序上对其保驾护航。但在消费者公益诉讼制度中，应增加对消费者团体不当行为的撤销或对其适格性的否认制度。
[Abstract]:The consumer contract as the link between consumers and business operators, no doubt on both sides are important. But between consumers and operators of structural information exists, bargaining power gap between the reality, particularity of prominent consumer contracts. In this context, starting from the definition of consumer contracts, defining the content in the contract in the process of exploring, the performance of the contract, according to the particularity of consumer contracts, explore the path of consumer rights protection.
The definition of consumer contract is the premise of consumer contract. The definition of consumer contract, from the subject angle. The definition of consumer, it should meet two criteria: consumers should be a natural person; at the same time, the natural person shall meet the consumer to consumer. In the judgment of purpose, adhere to the "objective behavior", as long as no buyers will buy goods or services for profit behavior, then it is consumer. For daily consumption and corresponding main purchasing behavior, should be defined as consumers. The operator definition should meet two standards: business and consumer behavior and the corresponding standard. Operating behavior, regardless of their whether the business profit, all operators of consumer protection law; and the corresponding standards for consumers, operators only directly or indirectly with consumer contract In order to be the operator in the contract relationship of the consumer.
According to the particularity of the consumer contract, the need for specialized constraint on the contracting process. From the macro, the consumer contract specialized regulation mode for additional may, by clause in the contract law, the consumer contract transition to the "Consumer Protection Law >, specialized in micro regulation. And for consumers to fulfill the contract from the whole process of a paternalistic care. To determine the form and effect of the contract, as long as there is no" contract law "on the invalid contract recognized standards, in principle, should be recognized for its establishment, it did not provide corresponding form defects as the performance defects, the corresponding correction the form can be. The implementation of the" mandatory continuous system "to the conclusion. After both sides mean that the agreed time, the two sides in the" mandatory duration ", to complete their obligations.
In view of the contents of the contract for consumers in terms of format, in the content, the regulation is mainly through the regulation of standard clauses. The standard terms for entry, the operators need should be completed on the format in terms of the duty of disclosure, consumers said they agreed to be stipulated in the terms of the format. In the interpretation of standard terms, adhere to people usually understand the principle of making unfavorable principle, the principle of agreement on the regulation of individual consumers. The contents of the contract, the main is that the terms of the contract invalid. In a general sense, adhere to the two criteria: whether to deviate from the norm and whether any violation of the principle of good faith. From the specific type of need detailed division of the responsibility of the operator. At the same time, the provisions invalid standard in detail.
In the process of fulfilling the consumer contract in the special place is by giving consumers the right to withdraw the protection of consumer rights. However, the scope of the right of withdrawal in the consumer, should adhere to the strict control of the premise to relax the standard, stipulate the failure time of the withdrawal right of consumers, to prevent consumers from abuse of right of withdrawal. At the same time, in view of the consumer contract in the performance status of the existence of a large number of disputes in the process of matching procedure and consumer litigation system, from the program of the escort. But in the consumer public welfare lawsuit system, should be added to the consumer groups of misconduct revocation or the eligibility of the denial system.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923.8;D923.6

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