我国法人概念的重构

发布时间：2018-03-07 18:46

本文选题：法人概念　切入点：独立责任　出处：《广西大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：民事主体,特别是组织体,是一个不断发展的群体,主体类型在不断地细化和自我更新,而新形态的主体又不断的出现,作为组织体最高抽象化的法人制度,立法时应提炼所有被立法者选择的组织体的共同特征,对法人的概念进行抽象概括的规定,最大限度地涵盖一定时期内组织形式的演变,在保持法律稳定的同时,为民事主体的发展保留一定空间。法人概念作为法人制度的基石,应如何对其界定才能符合我国的现实情况,为法人制度保持长久的生命力提供基础是本文讨论的重点。本文由法人概念的历史考察、我国的法人概念、我国法人概念重构的必要性、我国法人概念的重构及结语五个部分组成。通过分析与法人制度紧密相关的权利能力制度与独立责任制度的历史考察,厘清两者在起源、发展及价值方面的不同。罗马法创造的人格制度是法人人格的雏形,其最大的特点在于将现实生活中的人与法律主体进行分离,使得生物人之外的组织体有成为法律主体的可能性,法人人格成为一种判定某实体是否具有民事主体资格的法技术。《德国民法典》以高度抽象的艺术创设了法律关系,将法人人格演变成法律关系的要素之一——权利能力,使其发挥了原有的功能。同时法典还将广泛运用于商事领域的有限责任制度纳入到法人的内涵中,创设了自然人与法人的二元民事主体结构。与法人人格的价值不同,有限责任制度主要是为了扩大投资,降低商业风险,两者在历史发展及功能上都无必然的联系。我国的法人制度在特定历史背景条件产生,受到了德国和前苏联的影响,《民法通则》以将法人局限为具有独立承担独立责任的组织,造成了法人制度的封闭性。而新颁布的《民法总则》依然维持了法人原有的概念,在此基础上创设了“非法人组织”,形成了三元民事主体结构。在此结构下,“独立承担民事责任”成为区分法人与非法人组织的标志,但在该框架下却存在对法人内涵认识不清、民事主体结构逻辑混乱等问题。本文通过厘清独立责任与法人之间的关系,并对如何理解法人的权利能力进行剖析,以此重构了我国法人的概念,确认了其内核和构成要件。同时本文还对我国法人概念重构后进行了延伸讨论,鉴于笔者的理论水平有限,仅对此作了粗浅的探讨,多有不足。笔者认为,我国的法人概念应以权利能力制度为内核,建立一个开放的法人制度,将现行法中法人与非法人组织所涉及的组织都包含在内,形成一个符合社会发展趋势,逻辑严密的二元民事主体结构。
[Abstract]:The civil subject, especially the organization body, is a developing group, the main body type is constantly refining and self-renewing, and the new form of the main body appears constantly, as the highest abstract legal person system of the organization body. When legislating, we should refine the common characteristics of all the organizations chosen by the legislator, make an abstract summary of the concept of legal person, and cover the evolution of the organizational form in a certain period of time to the maximum extent, while maintaining the legal stability. The concept of legal person, as the cornerstone of the legal person system, should be defined in order to conform to the reality of our country. It is the key point of this paper to provide the basis for the long-term vitality of the legal person system. This paper is based on the historical investigation of the concept of legal person, the concept of legal person in our country, and the necessity of reconstruction of the concept of legal person in our country. By analyzing the historical investigation of the right capacity system and the independent responsibility system which are closely related to the legal person system, the author clarifies the origin of the two systems. The personality system created by Roman law is the embryonic form of the personality of legal person, the greatest characteristic of which is to separate the person in real life from the subject of law. It makes the organization outside of the biological person possible to become the subject of law, and the personality of the legal person becomes a kind of legal technology to judge whether an entity has the qualification of the civil subject. The German Civil Code has created the legal relationship with the highly abstract art. The legal person's personality has evolved into one of the elements of legal relation-right capacity, which makes it play its original function. At the same time, the limited liability system, which is widely used in the commercial field, is brought into the connotation of the legal person. The dual civil subject structure of natural person and legal person is created. Different from the value of the personality of legal person, the limited liability system is mainly to expand investment and reduce commercial risk. The legal person system of our country came into being under the specific historical background conditions and was influenced by Germany and the former Soviet Union. The General principles of Civil Law limited the legal person to an organization with independent responsibility. The new General principles of Civil Law still maintain the concept of legal persons. On this basis, the "non-legal person organization" was created, and the three-way civil subject structure was formed. Under this structure, "bearing civil liability independently" became the symbol of distinguishing the legal person from the non-legal person organization, but under this framework, the connotation of the legal person was not clearly understood. By clarifying the relationship between the independent liability and the legal person and analyzing how to understand the legal person's right capacity, this paper reconstructs the concept of our country's legal person. At the same time, this paper also discusses the concept of legal person after reconstruction, in view of the limited theoretical level of the author, only make a superficial discussion of this, the author believes that, The concept of legal person in our country should take the system of right and ability as the core, establish an open system of legal person, and include all the organizations involved in the legal person and the non-legal organization in the current law, thus forming a social development trend. Logical dual civil subject structure.
【学位授予单位】：广西大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923

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