同人志的著作权问题研究

发布时间：2018-03-13 23:04

本文选题：同人志　切入点：思想与表达二分法　出处：《华东政法大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：同人志作为一个文化现象早在著作权法诞生之前,在民谣传说当中就已经有了其根源。复述和修改经典故事这样的行为在当今的印刷品市场中依然充满活力并且势头良好。但是网络改变了发表和发行的方式,在过去从来没有同人志能够像现在这样传播的如此之快,如此之广。同人志的作者们和原作作者的权利常常发生冲突,而这样一个问题也因为网络时代的到来而变得更加激烈。如何从著作权法的角度来解决这样的冲突呢?第一,如果同人志不能被准确的定义那么这样一个问题就无法解决;第二,要解决问题,那么原作作者和同人志作者之间具体存在有哪些冲突应该被认知;第三,需要研究在目前的著作权法体系下,应该将同人志放在什么样的位置;最后,针对不同种类的同人志,基于思想与表达二分法以及目前相关的尝试会设计一种解决方案。同人志有四点必要性质:第一,作品须由原著作者以外的人创作;第二,作品在创作的时候应该不以商业使用为目的;第三,作品是具有“小说式”的特征;第四,作品必须依附于一个原著。原著作者的利益和同人志作者利益的冲突,从著作权法的角度来看必须要以原著受到著作权法保护的那一部分为基础。对于那一部分的原著是否受著作权法保护可以提出两点质疑:第一,那一部分的原著是否是事实;第二,原著是否还在著作权法保护期内。如果原著的任何一部分就其整体而言具有创造性,并且那一部分没有以事实记录的形式表达,那么它就不属于公共领域。如此一来,由这个原著而产生的同人志作者和原著作者间的冲突就有了基础。就同人志而言,其可能侵犯原著作者人身权和财产权的情形大多数与其他著作权侵权无异,本文就不再讨论。而与同人志的必要性质密切相关的一些冲突则是本文的论述对象,这其中包含有对于原著的污损以及在目前的著作权法体系下应该将同人志放在什么样的位置等等。同人志最有可能落入的范畴是演绎作品,同人志作者最有可能使用的抗辩是合理使用。因此,这一部分的研究目标是找到著作权法中同人志的定位,从而对于同人志侵权的情形与不侵权的情形作出区分。著作权人身权的侵犯应当是从同人志引出的争端当中的一个问题,但是美国著作权法却对不同类型的作品加以区别对待了。因此在这个问题上,依照《伯尔尼公约》包含有完整的著作权人身权规定的诸多其他国家现有著作权法是可以解决这个问题的。原著作者的保护作品完整权应该在这种情形下得到尊重。在研究针对合理使用的一些法律标准之前,需要首先分析同人志是否能被归纳到现有的著作权法系统当中。同人志在前文被定义为“以原著为基础”,“小说式的”以及“不能够由原著作者创作”,那么同人志也许能够被归纳到“演绎作品”或者“转化作品”当中。合理使用通过美国版权法§107的标准来检验:第一,绝大多数同人志都不是以教育为目的的,但同时它们也是以非商业性的目的创作,所以这一点一般来说稍许有些倾向于同人志作者;第二,就要看同人志的“小说式”或“想象性”的程度如何,这一点就要通过思想与表达二分法来判定;第三,只有当思想与表达之间区分开的的时候,那么被使用的部分的量和程度才能被决定;第四,尽管非商业性使得对于市场萎缩的影响会有所减少,同人志依然能够影响原著的潜在市场价值,而有时这种影响力是正面的。与此同时同人志对于市场价值的影响是很有限的,这一点并不重要。这样,真正需要讨论的也就只有第二点和第三点,它们对于认定合理使用的影响要大很多。而这两点都需要通过对于同人志中思想与表达分界线的研究来决定。总的来说,同人志的创造与发表是属于合理使用还是侵权行为主要是由分析其中的思想与表达分界线来达到的。不仅仅是通过演绎与转化的区分,也包括对于美国版权法§107中的四步检验法的使用,需要以思想与表达分界线的区分为基础。虽然由同人志对于原作的污损性使用造成著作权人身侵权是同人志文化中突出的一个问题。但是,这个问题落在了大多数国家的现行著作权法规制范围内,是可以被有效协调的。就著作权财产权来说,问题就要复杂很多,并且这财产权的冲突也是同人志与原作权利的主要冲突。同人志与原作权利的协调的目标就是要在鼓励同人志创作的同时不损害原著作者的权利。无论是免费模式还是商业模式下的作品共享模式都有可能协调上述冲突。因此下面要分为三个步骤,首先通过思想与表达二分法排除属于合理使用情形的同人志,即不会侵犯原著著作权的情形;其次要分析属于可能侵犯原著著作权的情形,讨论免费模式以及商业模式的作品共享模式的选择;最后提出一些包含具体协调上述权利冲突方案的设想与建议。尽管在其他著作权案件当中思想与表达的分界线很难创造出一个较为统一的标准。但是由于同人志的类型化,创造出这样一条分界线在有关同人志的纠纷当中成为了可能。而具体的这一条分界线除了同时满足“清楚描绘”标准和“叙述故事”标准的检验,可以与几种典型的同人志转化来适用。而这样的一条分界线的创设涉及到的主要是文学方面的研究,在著作权法问题中是一个事实问题,具体的标准需要在今后通过更多的案件和更多的法院判决来逐渐建立起来。权利人因作品的使用获益也同时促进了作品共享,权利人因作品的禁用获益抑制了作品共享。如上文所述,财产利益都有替代性。因此如果权利人使用作品的利益增加了,而权利人禁用作品的竞争减少了,那么权利人获得的利益总量就存在平衡的可能性。这样权利人对于作品共享也就更有可能认同。作品共享的模式如果要能够广泛适用并具有延续性,这种模式就必须要保证权利人的经济利益。这就需要一种能够广泛适用的作品共享的商业模式。单纯无偿的自由分享虽然给予了同人志作者自由,但是会扼杀原著作者的积极性,从而减少了更多受欢迎的原著的创作,最终也会减少同人志作者们的素材。就CC协议而言,与开源软件类似,从根本上来说这个体系需要原著著作权人自愿的让渡一部分权利。但是从另一角度来说,要让作者自愿缩小对于作品的保护范围需要依赖于作者在直接经济利益以外的考虑,这一点也和开源软件相同。而这些考虑多样化而且无法量化,这让CC协议虽然具有广泛的影响力,但是它没有而且以后也不可能成为著作权许可的主流模式。同人志文化的核心在于共享。而共享的关键在于流通。一个流通性更好的市场对于作品共享的正面作用在于:可以让使用人能够更加容易的找到几种可替代的作品,从而增加了市场竞争;同时,流通性的增加可以使销量上升,从而稀释了创作成本这一固定成本从而降低价格;再次,市场上现实的交易可以帮助作品许可费率的定价,进一步增加流通性;最后,市场有其自身的调整机制,可以避免著作权侵权纠纷。网络通过促进作品流通增加了权利人使用作品带来的获益;同时权利人的垄断程度被网络所削弱,从而减弱了权利人作品禁用所能带来的利益。这样一增一减,网络是有可能在不减少权利人利益的情况下,促进作品共享。集体管理组织模式可以减少著作权权利人禁用作品的情形,但是可能出现的较高许可费会让很多同人志作者难以接受,从而选择不支付许可费,构成侵权行为。故集体管理组织模式是一种可行的协调模式,但却存在着一定的风险。而IPXI是相当不错的尝试,同人志与原著著作权的冲突可以通过这类模式得到协调,但是这个模式在未来的成功是前提。这个模式能够走多远、多广是一个未知数。
[Abstract]:Dojinshi as a cultural phenomenon long before the birth of the copyright law, the folk legends have their roots. Repeat and modify the behavior of classic stories in today's market is still full of vitality and print momentum. But the Internet has changed the way published and issued in the past, people never who can spread like now so fast, so wide. Conflicts often occur Doujinshi authors and the original author's rights, and such a problem because of the advent of the Internet era and become more intense. How copyright law from the point of view to solve the conflict? First, if defined Dojinshi cannot be accurate so that a problem can be solved; second, to solve the problem, then between the original author and the author Dojinshi there should be what kind of cognitive conflict; third, Need to study in the current copyright law system, should be Dojinshi on what kind of position; finally, according to different types of Doujinshi, idea and expression dichotomy and the related attempt will design a solution based on. There are four Dojinshi necessary properties: first, work should be created by the original author people outside; second, works at the time of creation should not for commercial use for the purpose; third works are characterized with "novel"; fourth, works must be attached to the original author. A conflict of interest and for the benefit of Dojinshi, from the point of view of copyright law must be based on the original is a part of the protection of the copyright law as the foundation for that part of the original are protected by copyright law can be raised two questions: first, whether the part of the original is in fact; second, the original is still. The copyright law protection period. If any part of the original as a whole is creative, and it did not in fact records in the form of expression, it is not in the public domain. As a result, the conflict caused by the original authors and the original author's will have a foundation. Doujinshi, the author may infringe the personal rights and property rights in most cases and other copyright infringement is discussed. In this paper, no longer some conflict is closely related to the nature and the necessary Dojinshi is the object discussed in this paper, which contains the original and for fouling in the current copyright law the system should be Dojinshi on what kind of position and so on. Dojinshi are most likely to fall into the category of deductive works, authors are most likely to use the defense is reasonable. Therefore, the Department of The research goal is to find the location of copyright law in Dojinshi, so the Dojinshi infringement case and non infringement case to distinguish. Copyright infringement of personal rights should be a problem drawn from the Dojinshi dispute, but the United States copyright law is not the same type of works differently. So in this issue, in accordance with the provisions of the Berne Convention > < contains the complete copyright provisions of the personal rights of many other countries the existing copyright law can solve this problem. The author of the original work to protect the right of integrity should be respected in this case. In the research of some legal standard of fair use before, to analyse whether Dojinshi can be summed up to the existing copyright law system. In the above Dojinshi is defined as "the original basis", "novel" and "not Enough by author creation ", then the Dojinshi may be grouped into" works "or" transformation works ". Reasonable use to test by United States copyright law section 107 criteria: first, the vast majority of Dojinshi are not for the purpose of education, but they are also for noncommercial purposes of creation so, this point is generally slightly inclined to Dojinshi author; second, to see the Dojinshi" novel "or" Imagine ", this point will be judged by a dichotomy of ideas and expression; third, only when the separation between idea and expression of the region. Then by the use of the part of the amount and degree can be determined; fourth, although non commercial makes will be reduced for the declining market, Dojinshi still can affect the original potential market value, and sometimes this kind of influence At the same time. The effect is positive for the market value of Dojinshi is very limited, this is not important. It really needs to be discussed is only second points and third points, their cognizance of the influence of the fair use is much larger. Both of which need to study on the boundary to decide and expression the same people thought history. In general, the creation and publication Dojinshi is still belongs to the rational use of tort is mainly by the analysis of the thought and expression boundaries to achieve. Not only by distinguishing between deduction and transformation, including the use of four step test in section 107 of the US copyright law. The need to distinguish between idea and expression, to the boundary based. Although the Dojinshi for causing the copyright infringement of personal right of the original use of fouling is a prominent problem in Doujinshi culture. However, this problem falls on The works of most of the countries of the right law range can be effectively coordinated. The copyright of property rights, the problem is more complicated, and the main conflict this property is Dojinshi and the original rights. Dojinshi and the original rights coordination goal is to encourage Dojinshi while writing does not damage the original author's rights. Whether it is free or commercial mode under the mode of work sharing model can coordinate the conflict. Therefore the following should be divided into three steps, first through the idea and expression dichotomy rule belongs to the rational use of the Doujinshi, that will not infringe the copyright case; second analysis of possible violations of copyright belongs to the original situation, discuss the free mode of business model works shared mode selection; and finally puts forward some specific rights including the coordination of Chong Ideas and suggestions process scheme. Although the idea and expression in copyright cases among the dividing line is hard to create a unified standard. But because of the type of Doujinshi, creating such a line in the Dojinshi disputes become possible. And with this one in addition to satisfy the boundary "clearly" standard and the "narrative" standard test, with several typical Dojinshi transformation to apply. Such a creation of the dividing line is mainly related to the study of literature, in the copyright law is a question of fact in specific the standard in the future by more and more cases to court decisions is gradually established. The right person for the use of the work benefit and also promote the sharing of work, human rights for disabled benefit suppression works. Works such as sharing Mentioned above, property interests have a substitute. So if the right people use work interests increased, and the rights of people disabled works less competition, so the total benefit rights obtained are balanced. This possibility of human rights for the work sharing more can work sharing mode of identity. If you want to can be widely used and has a continuity, this model must ensure that the rights of people's economic interests. This requires a shared work can be widely applicable to the business model. Only free free sharing although given Dojinshi for free, but the author will stifle enthusiasm, thereby reducing the more popular the original creation, will eventually reduce the Doujinshi authors material. The protocol of CC, similar to the open source software, fundamentally speaking, the system needs the original copyright owner voluntarily Transfer a part of rights. But from another perspective, let the author to voluntarily reduce the scope of protection works need to rely on the author in beyond the immediate economic interests, this is the same and open source software. These consider diversification and cannot be quantified, which makes the CC protocol has extensive influence, but it no and it can not become the mainstream mode of copyright licensing. The core Dojinshi culture is shared. Sharing is the key to the circulation. A better circulation of the market for the positive role of sharing is to work to make use of people can easily find several alternative works, thus increasing the market at the same time, increased competition; liquidity can make sales rise, thus diluting the creation cost so as to reduce the cost of the fixed price; thirdly, the reality of the market transactions can help Work permit rate pricing, further increase liquidity; finally, the market has to adjust its own mechanism, to avoid copyright infringement. The network through work to promote the rights of the people using the circulation increase benefit works bring; at the same time the degree of monopoly rights are weakened by network, thus weakening the rights of disabled people can bring works interests. Such a minus, the network is possible without reducing the rights interests, promote work sharing. The organization mode of collective management of copyright can reduce people disabled works, high licensing fees but there will make many Dojinshi author difficult to accept, and choose not to pay a license fee tort liability. Therefore, the collective management organization mode is a kind of feasible coordination mode, but there are certain risks. While IPXI is trying quite well, and the original Dojinshi Copyright conflicts can be coordinated through such models, but this mode is a prerequisite for future success. How far and how wide this mode can go is unknown.

【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923.41

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