人权视野下我国“弃婴岛”的法律完善

发布时间：2018-03-29 00:28

本文选题：弃婴岛　切入点：生命权　出处：《西南政法大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：2011年6月,我国第一个婴儿安全岛(民间俗称为“弃婴岛”)在河北省石家庄设立。“弃婴岛”的设立使得弃婴存活率提升30%,是我国儿童福利机构保护弃婴生存权利的一次尝试与探索。2013年7月,民政部在总结地方经验的基础上,下发《民政部办公厅关于转发中国儿童福利和收养中心开展“婴儿安全岛”试点工作方案的通知》,要求各地根据实际情况开展弃婴岛试点工作。这意味着福利机构设置“弃婴岛”、接收弃婴的行为,得到了政府的认可,并将在全国试点推广。目前学界对弃婴岛的研究,在理论基础、形成条件、运行机制等方面尚不够系统和具体。同时,我国还未制定与弃婴岛相关的法律,一些试行的规范性文件内容原则且缺乏可操作性,不利于弃婴岛的顺利运行。目前弃婴岛存在的突出问题包括:与弃婴岛相关的理论基础未得到充分的论证;弃婴救助与“遗弃罪”之间是否存在法律冲突有待进一步确认;运行中面临收养、安置不完善、软硬件设施不足等困难。由此,本文选择弃婴岛作为研究对象,通过对弃婴岛的形成、发展及运行过程中存在的突出问题进行阐述,运用生命权法益、国家救助责任、儿童利益最大化原则等理论对弃婴岛进行分析,结合我国具体国情,提出完善弃婴岛建制和减少弃婴的新举措,寻求充分保障弃婴生命权,增强弃婴岛运行的可行性与有效性的有效路径。全文共分为五个部分:第一部分为我国弃婴岛的形成与发展。通过对弃婴岛形成和发展状况进行阐述,对我国弃婴岛的数量设置、运行模式、运行效果有了初步的了解和认识。第二部分为弃婴岛设立的法学基础。弃婴岛的设立是坚持生命权利至上和儿童利益最大化原则的必然要求,是我国政府应尽的责任与义务。同时也是我国人权发展的应有之义,符合我国宪法倡导的基本原则和精神。第三部分为我国弃婴岛试点中存在的问题。弃婴岛属于新生事物,尚处于摸索时期,发展尚未成熟。弃婴岛运行中存在很多问题:如弃婴岛运行的法律规范化不足、安置方案不完善、软硬件设施不足等。第四部分为对国外弃婴法律保障制度的借鉴。美国《安全港法案》和“匿名弃婴”制度与“反悔取回”制度的设立能为我国弃婴岛的设立和良好运行提供一定的制度参照和理论依据。第五部分为弃婴岛及减少弃婴的完善措施。1.保障弃婴的最大权益属于儿童福利制度的一部分,我国应该制定弃婴福利制度,与弃婴岛相衔接,保障弃婴的生存与发展。2.弃婴岛立法专门化、具体化。详细规定弃婴岛的设立、运行、安置等基本内容,并对相关的法律责任等进行完善。3.弃婴岛虽然保障了弃婴的生命权,但如何从根本上减少弃婴仍是我们关注的重点,如制定《儿童福利法》、建立国家医疗补贴和最低医疗救助制度、健全新生儿、疾病婴儿救助医疗体系,完善最低保障等。
[Abstract]:June 2011, The first infant safety island (commonly known as "abandoned infant island") was established in Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province. The establishment of abandoned infant island increased the survival rate of abandoned infants by 30%, which is an attempt of child welfare institutions in China to protect the right of survival of abandoned infants. In July 2013, On the basis of summing up local experience, the Ministry of Civil Affairs, The Circular of the General Office of the Ministry of Civil Affairs on forwarding the pilot work Program of "Baby Safety Island" to the Chinese Child Welfare and Adoption Center requires all localities to carry out the pilot work on abandoned Baby Island according to the actual situation. This means that the welfare machine will be carried out. To set up an "abandoned island" to receive abandoned babies, Has been recognized by the government, and will be promoted in national pilot projects. At present, the academic research on abandoned baby islands is not systematic and specific in terms of theoretical basis, formation conditions, operating mechanism, etc. Meanwhile, China has not yet formulated laws related to abandoned baby islands. Some of the trial normative document content principles and lack of maneuverability are not conducive to the smooth operation of abandoned infant island. At present, the prominent problems of abandoned infant island include: the theoretical basis related to abandoned infant island has not been fully demonstrated; Whether there is a conflict of laws between abandoned baby rescue and "abandonment crime" needs to be further confirmed, the operation of which is faced with difficulties such as adoption, imperfect placement, inadequate hardware and software facilities, etc. Therefore, this paper chooses abandoned infant island as the research object. This paper expounds the prominent problems existing in the formation, development and operation of abandoned infant island, and analyzes the abandoned infant island by using the theory of right to life law, the responsibility of state aid and the principle of maximization of children's interests, combining with the specific conditions of our country. Put forward new measures to perfect the establishment of abandoned baby island and reduce abandoned baby, and seek to fully guarantee the right to life of abandoned baby, The paper is divided into five parts: the first part is the formation and development of abandoned infant island in China. For the quantity setting and operation mode of abandoned infant island in China, The second part is the legal basis of the establishment of abandoned baby island. The establishment of abandoned baby island is the inevitable requirement of upholding the principle of the right to life and the maximization of children's interests. It is the responsibility and obligation of our government. It is also the proper meaning of the development of human rights in our country, which accords with the basic principles and spirit advocated by the Constitution of our country. The third part is the problems existing in the experiment of abandoned baby island in our country. Abandoned baby island is a new thing. There are many problems in the operation of abandoned baby island, such as the lack of legal standardization of the operation of abandoned baby island, the imperfection of resettlement scheme, The fourth part is the reference to the foreign legal protection system of abandoned babies. The American "safe Harbor Act", the "Anonymous abandoned babies" system and the "return of repentance" system can be used for the establishment of abandoned baby islands in China. Good operation provides certain system reference and theoretical basis. The fifth part is the perfect measures to reduce abandoned baby island and reduce abandoned baby. 1. Protecting the maximum rights and interests of abandoned baby belongs to the part of child welfare system. Our country should formulate the welfare system of abandoned infants, link up with abandoned infant island, guarantee the survival and development of abandoned baby. 2. The legislation of abandoned infant island is specialized and specific. The establishment, operation and resettlement of abandoned infant island are stipulated in detail. And to improve the related legal responsibilities. 3.Although abandoned baby island has guaranteed the right to life of abandoned baby, how to reduce abandoned baby fundamentally is still the focus of our attention. For example, the Child Welfare Law should be formulated, the state medical subsidy and minimum medical assistance system should be established, the medical care system for newborns and infants with diseases should be improved, and the minimum guarantee should be improved.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D922.1

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