冷冻胚胎权利属性及保护问题研究

发布时间：2018-05-01 13:29

本文选题：冷冻胚胎 + 性质　；参考：《江西财经大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着科学技术的逐步发展,人们的思想观念也在发生变化,人工辅育技术逐步进入人们的生活之中,但是对于冷冻胚胎这一特殊物的出现,我国法律目前对其特殊性并没有明确的规定,在面对一系列由冷冻胚胎引起的问题发生的时候,法律实务界、学术界都掀起了激烈的讨论。对于冷冻胚胎的法律属性定位问题、对于冷冻胚胎的法律权利归属问题、冷冻胚胎能否作为遗产继承等等一系列的问题都引起了人们的广泛关注,但鉴于目前我国法律对此方面未有明确规定,不同学者对此有不同看法。目前学界主要有三种主张,即主体说、客体说和折中说,我国目前现存的关于冷冻胚胎的立法大多属于行政管理性规范,其主要目的是对医疗机构的工作人员的行为进行约束,但却对冷冻胚胎本身以及其引发的一系列问题未作出具体的规定。我国是依法治国的社会主义国家,并不能因为没有相关的法律规定而拒绝对案件的裁判,因此,对于如何进一步完善相关的法律就显得尤为重要。通过对我国首例人体冷冻胚胎权属争议案这一典型案例进行分析,从案件的争议焦点以及案件经过两审发生的转变入手,借助于关于冷冻胚胎法律地位的相关理论分析和相关立法及司法实践的域外经验。具体探讨案件的几个争议焦点,涉案冷冻胚胎的法律地位,涉案冷冻胚胎的权利归属及处理规则等各方面的问题。宜兴市冷冻胚胎"继承"案吸引了社会各界的关注,本案的争议焦点主要在于这四枚冷冻胚胎的法律属性以及冷冻胚胎被"继承"是否合法的问题。通过对本案的案情分析,以我国现存的相关立法为基础借鉴国外的相关立法体例,本文得出的结论是将冷冻胚胎归于伦理物的范畴是比较合理的。最新的民法总则对于胎儿的保护中规定,涉及遗产继承、接受赠予等胎儿利益保护的,胎儿视为具有民事权利能力,但是胎儿出生时为死体的,其民事权利能力至始不存在,对于胎儿的民事权利保护尚且如此规定,那么对于仅是有可能发展为胎儿的冷冻胚胎直接规定为独立的权利享有者显然是不合理的,但是如果仅是将冷冻胚胎归为普通的客观物,那么对于胚胎含有的生命属性又是一种漠视,将会引发胚胎的非法买卖等一系列问题的产生。对于中间说这种观点看似兼顾各方利益比较合理,但是实际上其模糊性在解决具体实际发生的问题时并没有明显的效果。对于冷冻胚胎的属性定位是解决一系列问题的基础。因此本文的观点是将冷冻胚胎定义为特殊的伦理物,既可以对冷冻胚胎起到保护作用同时也可以对因其引发的继承、权利归属、处理原则等等系列问题的解决提供依据。本文从此案例着手提出相关的问题进行分析,分析借鉴国外的司法判例,根据我国的实际情况提出一系列完善相关问题的举措。
[Abstract]:With the gradual development of science and technology, people's ideas are also changing, artificial assisted breeding technology gradually into people's lives, but the emergence of frozen embryos as a special object, There is no clear stipulation on the particularity of Chinese law at present. In the face of a series of problems caused by frozen embryos, there has been a heated discussion in the field of legal practice and academic circles. A series of issues, such as the orientation of the legal attributes of frozen embryos, the legal rights of frozen embryos, whether frozen embryos can be inherited as inheritance, have aroused widespread concern. However, in view of the fact that there is no clear stipulation on this aspect in Chinese law, different scholars have different views on it. At present, there are three main ideas in academic circles, namely, subject theory, object theory and compromise theory. Most of the existing legislation on frozen embryos in our country is an administrative norm, the main purpose of which is to restrict the behavior of the staff of medical institutions. But there is no specific regulation on frozen embryos themselves and the problems they cause. China is a socialist country governed by law and can not refuse to judge cases because there are no relevant laws and regulations. Therefore, it is particularly important for how to further improve the relevant laws. Through the analysis of the first case of human frozen embryo ownership dispute in China, starting with the focus of the case and the change of the case after the two trials, Based on the theoretical analysis of the legal status of frozen embryos and the extraterritorial experience of legislation and judicial practice. This paper discusses several controversial points of the case, the legal status of the frozen embryos involved, the rights of the frozen embryos involved and the rules of handling the frozen embryos. The case of "inheritance" of frozen embryos in Yixing City has attracted attention from all walks of life. The dispute focuses on the legal attributes of the four frozen embryos and the legality of the "inheritance" of frozen embryos. Based on the analysis of the case and the relevant legislation in our country, this paper draws the conclusion that it is reasonable to classify frozen embryos into the category of ethics. The latest general principles of civil law provide for the protection of the foetus, which involves the protection of the interests of the foetus, such as inheritance, acceptance of gifts, etc., if the fetus is regarded as having capacity for civil rights, but if the fetus is dead at the time of birth, its capacity for civil rights does not exist. If the protection of civil rights of the fetus is so provided, then it is clearly unreasonable for a frozen embryo that is only likely to develop into a foetus to be directly defined as an independent holder of rights, However, if frozen embryos are classified as ordinary objects, then it is a kind of disregard to the life attributes of embryos, which will lead to a series of problems, such as illegal trade of embryos and so on. It seems reasonable to give consideration to the interests of all parties, but in fact its fuzziness has no obvious effect in solving the actual problems. The attribute location of frozen embryos is the basis to solve a series of problems. Therefore, the viewpoint of this paper is to define frozen embryos as special ethics, which can not only protect frozen embryos, but also provide basis for solving a series of problems caused by them, such as inheritance, right attribution, principles of treatment and so on. Based on this case, this paper puts forward a series of measures to perfect the relevant problems, and analyzes and draws lessons from the foreign judicial precedents and puts forward a series of measures to perfect the relevant problems according to the actual situation of our country.
【学位授予单位】：江西财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923

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