死亡赔偿金的归属问题研究

发布时间：2018-05-16 11:42

本文选题：死亡赔偿金 + 死亡赔偿金性质　；参考：《华东政法大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：死亡赔偿金作为死亡损害赔偿中的最重要的一部分,关乎到受害人及其家庭的损失是否得到妥善的赔偿,同时也反映了一个国家文明程度及人权保护的力度,一直以来备受人们的关注。而在涉及死亡赔偿金的诸多问题中,对其归属问题的讨论相对较少。法律对该问题的规定也比较模糊,只规定死者的近亲属享有死亡赔偿金请求权,而对死者的哪些近亲属享有该权利及在死者有不止一个近亲属的时候如何分配;除此之外,是否还有人享有死亡赔偿金请求权;在死者近亲属无法查明或者缺失的情况下,谁可以请求死亡赔偿金等等问题都没有做出明确的规定。这导致法官在审判相关案件的时候,由于没有明确的法律依据,从而出现同案不同判的现象,不仅导致受害人家庭因死亡赔偿金归属问题不断缠讼,有损家庭和睦,还损害了法律的公正性与权威性。因此,研究死亡赔偿金的归属问题并制定明确的法律规定是司法实践的迫切需要,也是人民群众的殷切希望。本文通过对死亡赔偿金归属问题的研究,提出解决该问题的方案,希望可以为完善我国的死亡赔偿金制度提供有价值的建议。本文共分为以下五个部分:第一部分是导言,主要介绍了选题的背景和意义、文献综述、主要研究方法、论文结构以及论文主要创新和不足。死亡赔偿金归属问题的研究对完善我国生命权救济制度有着重要的作用,死亡赔偿金归属问题的解决,有利于化解受害人家庭成员之间的矛盾,维护受害人家庭的和睦,也有利于维护法律的公平正义与权威性。本文主要采用实证调查法、历史研究法、比较研究法等研究方法,分析现有的案例及学说,总结归纳其中的问题,在前人研究的基础上提出自己的观点,希望对死亡赔偿金归属问题的解决有所助益。第二部分论述了死亡赔偿金的性质。死亡赔偿金的性质决定了死亡赔偿金归属问题的解决,作为死亡赔偿金归属问题的先决问题,必须要予以明确。本文在对我国关于死亡赔偿金制度立法的演变的分析以及对学者们提出的有关死亡赔偿金性质的学说的分析基础上,从明确死亡赔偿金的请求权主体及赔偿范围入手,分析得出死亡赔偿金的性质。死亡赔偿金是对生命的矫正价值的赔偿,通过对死者近亲属的赔偿完成对生命权的救济。第三部分论述了一般情形中的死亡赔偿金的归属。通过对法院审理的有关死亡赔偿金归属问题的案例进行分析,对法官在审理相关案件时的做法进行归纳总结,结合我国相关法律的规定以及学者们提出的观点,提出完善我国死亡赔偿金归属问题的立法建议。在一般情形中,应该尊重当事人的意思自治,当事人有协议的,在协议不违反法律法规的情况下,应该优先适用当事人之间的协议。当事人没有协议的,应该优先将被扶养人生活费从死亡赔偿金中分离出来,判决归相关权利人享有,剩余的死亡赔偿金由死者的近亲属共同共有。对死者的近亲属进行分类,分为第一顺序的请求权人和第二顺序的请求权人,其中第一顺序的请求权人包括配偶、子女和父母,第二顺序的请求权人包括祖父母、外祖父母、孙子女、外孙子女、兄弟姐妹,第一顺序请求权人优先于第二顺序请求权人,在第一顺序请求权人存在的情况下,第二顺位请求权人无权要求侵权人支付死亡赔偿金。在第一顺位请求权人中,应该综合考虑与死者生前关系的紧密程度,是否与死者共同居住,是否有固定收入,经济状况如何,健康状况如何,死者的父母有几个子女可以实际赡养,死者的父母是否离异,是否有退休工资,死者的配偶与死者结婚年限,死者子女是否已经成年,是否已经毕业等等因素,由法官自由裁量死亡赔偿金的分配比例,在保证公平公正的同时照顾未成年人和老年人及丧失劳动能力的人的利益,确保他们的生活不会因为死者的离去造成太大的影响。第四部分论述了若干特殊情形中的死亡赔偿金归属问题。主要讨论了债权人是否可以请求用死亡赔偿金偿还债务,同居者能否分得死亡赔偿金,是否应该保留胎儿份额及无名氏的死亡赔偿金归属问题等四种情况,并对这四种情况进行分析得出解决方案。由于死亡赔偿金是对生命矫正价值的赔偿,具有人身专属性质,所以债权人不能从中受偿,除非死者的近亲属全部同意用死亡赔偿金偿还债务。如果同居者能够证明与死者以夫妻名义共同生活,那么法官可以酌情判给同居者部分死亡赔偿金,但是如果同居者明知他人有配偶而与其同居,则不能分得死亡赔偿金。在分配死亡赔偿金过程中,应该保留胎儿的份额,胎儿终将出生成为人,理应受到保护。应该由检察院代替无名氏的近亲属向侵权人主张死亡赔偿金,在查明无名氏的近亲属后归还无名氏的近亲属,如果无名氏没有近亲属,那么国家享有该死亡赔偿金,纳入社会救助基金管理。第五部分总结整篇论文并概括本文的中心论题,最终得出结论。我国现行的死亡赔偿金制度还处在一个落后的发展状态,没有明确规定死亡赔偿金的性质及归属,学者们对此也争议较大,没有形成统一的观点,导致法官在审理死亡赔偿金归属问题的案子时无法可依,审判结果千差万别,不仅严重损害了我国法律的权威性,还使得我国好不容易树立起来的公平公正的法治理念受到严重挑战。因此,研究死亡赔偿金的性质及归属问题可以为现在混乱的司法审判提供有益的指导,有利于解决受害人家庭与侵权人之间的矛盾以及受害人家庭内部之间因争夺死亡赔偿金产生的矛盾,有利于丰富有关生命权救济的学说,使得生命权得到更好的救济,还有利于完善我国死亡赔偿金制度的立法及相关司法解释的制定。
[Abstract]:As the most important part of the compensation for death damage, the death compensation is related to the proper compensation for the loss of the victims and their families. At the same time, it also reflects the degree of civilization and the protection of human rights. The provisions of the law are relatively few. The provisions of the law are also obscure, which only stipulates that the close relatives of the deceased are entitled to the claim for death compensation, and how the close relatives of the deceased are entitled to the right and how to distribute it when the deceased has more than one close relatives; in addition, there is a person who has the right to claim the death compensation; and near the deceased. If the relatives can not find out or missing, who can ask for the death compensation and so on, there is no clear regulation. This leads to the judge in the trial of the related cases, because there is no clear legal basis, thus the phenomenon of the same case is different, not only causes the victim family to be entangled in the problem of death compensation. It is harmful to the harmony of the family and the impartiality and authority of the law. Therefore, the study of the attribution of the death compensation and the formulation of a clear legal provision are the urgent needs of the judicial practice and the eagerly hope of the people. This paper, through the study of the problem of the attribution of death compensation, proposes a solution to the problem and hopes that it can be solved. This article is divided into five parts: the first part is the introduction, which mainly introduces the background and significance of the topic, the literature review, the main research methods, the structure of the paper and the main innovation and deficiency of the thesis. The relief system has an important role. The settlement of the problem of the attribution of the death compensation is conducive to resolving the contradictions among the family members of the victims, maintaining the harmony of the families of the victims, and maintaining the justice and authority of the law. This article mainly adopts the empirical investigation method, the history study method, the comparative study method and so on, and analyzes the existing methods. In the second part, the nature of the death compensation is discussed. The nature of the death compensation determines the settlement of the problem of the attribution of the death compensation, as the attribution of the death compensation. On the basis of the analysis of the evolution of the legislation of the death compensation system in our country and the analysis of the theory of the nature of the death compensation proposed by the scholars, this paper analyzes the nature of the death compensation from the definition of the subject of the claim of the death compensation and the scope of the compensation. The death compensation is the compensation for the correction value of life. The third part expounds the attribution of the death compensation in the general situation. Through the analysis of the cases of the attribution of the death compensation to the court, the practice of the judge in the case of hearing the related cases is analyzed. In general, the party should respect the autonomy of the parties, and the parties have agreement. In the case that the agreement does not violate the laws and regulations, the parties should be given priority to the application of the parties. Agreement. If the parties do not have agreement, they should give priority to the separation of the living expenses of the dependants from the death compensation, and the judgment shall be enjoyed by the relevant rights holders. The remaining death compensation shall be shared by the close relatives of the deceased. The order of the right holders include spouses, children and parents, and the second order of the right holders include grandparents, grandparents, grandchildren, grandchildren, brothers and sisters, the first order right holders are given priority to the right person in the order of second. In the case of the first order right person, the second right person is not entitled to claim the tortfeasor. To pay the death compensation. In the first place of the right person, we should consider the close relationship with the dead, whether there is a fixed income with the deceased, whether there is a fixed income, the economic situation, the health condition, the parents of the deceased, whether the parents of the dead are divorced, whether there are retirement wages, the dead, and the dead. The years of marriage between the spouse and the deceased, the adult children of the deceased, whether they have graduated or not, and so on, the judges are free to determine the proportion of the compensation for the death compensation, and to ensure the interests of the minors and the elderly and the people who have lost the ability to work at the same time, to ensure that their lives will not be caused by the departure of the dead. The fourth part discusses the attribution of the death compensation in some special cases. It mainly discusses whether the creditor can ask for the repayment of the debt by the death compensation, whether the cohabiting person can obtain the death compensation, whether it should retain the fetal share and the attribution of the infamous death compensation and so on, and the four kinds of cases. The situation carries out an analysis of the solution. Since the death compensation is a compensation for the value of life correction, it has the exclusive nature of the person, so the creditor can not be paid from it, unless the close relatives of the dead agree to pay the debt with the death compensation. If the cohabitation can prove that the deceased is living together in the name of the husband and wife, the judge may In order to judge the partial death compensation of the cohabiting person, but if the cohabiting person knows that the other person has a spouse and cohabitation, it can not get the death compensation. In the process of distributing the death compensation, the share of the fetus should be retained and the fetus will be born into a person. In the fifth part, the fifth part summarizes the whole thesis and summarizes the central topic of this article, and finally draws a conclusion. The degree is still in a backward state of development, and the nature and attribution of the death compensation are not clearly defined. The scholars have also disputed about it, and have not formed a unified view. The judge can not be able to rely on the case of hearing the attribution of the death compensation, and the result of the trial is thousands of different, not only seriously damaging the authority of the law in our country, but also seriously damaging the authority of our country. The concept of a fair and just rule of law in China is seriously challenged. Therefore, the study of the nature and ownership of the death compensation can provide useful guidance for the present confusing judicial trial, which is conducive to the solution of the spear between the victims' families and the infringers, as well as the struggle for death between the victims' families. The contradiction arising from the death compensation is beneficial to enriching the theory of the right to life relief, making the right to life better remedied, and improving the legislation of our country's death compensation system and the formulation of relevant judicial interpretations.

【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923

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