《合同法》第52条第5款的适用研究

发布时间：2018-05-18 21:03

本文选题：合同法 + 强制性规定　；参考：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：从整个法律体系来看,民法及其它法律,在各自的轨道上运行,并相互契合,以期达到法律制定之最终目的:维护个人之私益并保证社会公共利益等不受损害。也即,民法需要配合其射程以外的法律,其射程以外的法律也需要配合民法,以达到有机的结合。那么如何使民法射程以外的法律即旨在维护社会公共利益之法令进入到民法以起到扼制滥用契约自由之目的呢?毫无疑问,我们需要在民法中引入一条公法进入的通道,《合同法》第52条第5款便应运而生。从我国的司法实践来看,在适用此条规则时,往往采取简单的三段论的推理方式:当事人的合同约定违反了某项法律法规,而该条规范系效力性强制性规定,因此该合同无效。在这样的思路下,《合同法》第52条第5款的功能事实上仅限于引致规范而已。在笔者看来,首先应赞赏理论界的百花齐放;其次,理论是为指导实践而服务的,在实践中,我国实务界采取了引致规范说,只不过在进一步判定合同效力的时候引入了第52条第4款;再次,笔者认为,既然把该条款认定为引致规范,即引致公法进入私法并影响私法的目的已经达到,至于法官怎么去判定公法影响私法的维度,应该层次分明:第一,如果法令中有明确规定违反此法令者,合同无效,此时该条款就是纯粹意义上的引致规范;第二,如果法令没有明确规定合同效力如何,该条款同样起到引致规范的作用,不过在进一步判定合同效力的时候,需要上升到第二个层次,引入第4项,看是否违反社会公共利益。在这里笔者做一个补充说明,在立法上分别规定了第4款、第5款,从体系解释出发,二者应各具独立的适用价值,但结合实践来看,在应用第5款的时候,往往会紧密结合第4款去共同判定合同的效力问题。对于此条款,理论界和司法实践都做出了很多有益的探索,但遗憾的是至今没有得出一个定论,也没有形成具体可操的方法。但应当承认的是在司法实践中,对于此条款的应用并没有流于恣意,而且从大量司法案例来看,在一定程度上形成了类型化的判决。据此,笔者认为,可以从司法判例出发类型化效力性与管理性规定。当然此类型化,并不能涵盖所有的案例,所以,笔者进一步提出,在今后的实践中遇到类型化射程以外的案件,可以进入利益衡量的步骤中去。文章共分为五个部分,本文采取先破后立的行文逻辑:首先从案例切入,找出实践中的解决进路,并提取其存在问题;接着对存在的问题进行解读(这是破);后两部分则是笔者的观点(立的部分)。第一章:首先,通过大量的案例检索,综观《合同法》第52条第5款的应用情况;其次,引入具体的案例,来阐释实践中是如何区分管理性强制性规定和效力性强制性规定的,并由此提取出适用该条款的几个关键点。第二章:针对第一章提取出来的关键点,到理论和实践中找寻答案,挖掘存在的问题,并对存在的问题进行解读。第三章:紧接第二章的内容,对存在之问题进行逐一攻破,重新解读《合同法》第52条第5款之功能。第四章:返回实践,提出自己对如何适用《合同法》第52条第5款的思路。
[Abstract]:From the view of the whole legal system, civil law and other laws operate in their respective tracks and agree with each other in order to achieve the ultimate goal of law making: to maintain personal interests and to ensure that social and public interests are not damaged. To achieve an organic combination. So how to make the law outside the civil law range, that is, the act of maintaining social and public interests in the civil law in order to prevent the abuse of freedom of contract? Without doubt, we need to introduce a public law into the civil law, and the contract law, the fifty-second articles and fifth paragraphs, have come into being. In practice, in the application of this rule, a simple syllogism is often adopted: the contract agreement of the parties violates a certain law and regulation, and the regulation is a mandatory mandatory provision, so the contract is invalid. In this way, the function of the contract law > fifty-second and fifth paragraphs is in fact Limited to the induced norm. In the author's view, first of all, we should appreciate the bloom of the theorists; secondly, the theory is to serve the practice. In practice, the practice of our country adopted the introduction of norms, but in the further determination of the validity of the contract, the introduction of fifty-second fourth sections; again, the author recognized that since the clause was identified as the norm, that is, to the public law. The purpose of entering private law and influencing private law has been achieved. As to how judges determine the influence of public law on the dimension of private law, it should be clear: first, if there is a clear provision in the decree that the law violates the person, the contract is invalid, and at this time the clause is the norm in pure meaning; second, if the law does not specify the validity of the contract clearly. This article also plays the role of the norm, but in the further determination of the validity of the contract, it needs to rise to second levels and introduce fourth items to see if the social and public interests are violated. Here, the author makes a supplementary explanation for the legislative provision of fourth, fifth, and from the system interpretation, the two should have their own independent suitability. With value, but in combination with practice, in the application of the fifth paragraph, it is often closely combined with the fourth paragraph to jointly determine the validity of the contract. For this clause, the theoretical circle and the judicial practice have made a lot of useful exploration, but it is regrettable that there has not been a conclusion and no concrete methods have been formed. But it should be acknowledged. In judicial practice, the application of this clause is not unscrupulous, and from a large number of judicial cases, to a certain extent, a type of judgment has been formed. Accordingly, the author believes that it can be typed from the judicial precedent to type the effectiveness and management provisions. One step is to put forward that in the future practice, the case beyond the range of the typed range can be entered into the steps of interest measurement. The article is divided into five parts. In this paper, the article adopts the logical logic of the first break and the following, first from the case to find out the solution approach in practice, and extract its existing problems; and then interpret the existing problems. The last two parts are the author's views (part). Chapter 1: first, through a large number of case searches, the application of the fifty-second fifth sections of the contract law is reviewed. Secondly, a specific case is introduced to explain how to distinguish between the mandatory and effective mandatory provisions in practice and to extract the application of this clause. Several key points. The second chapter: for the key points extracted from the first chapter, find the answer in the theory and practice, excavate the existing problems, and interpret the existing problems. The third chapter: the content of the second chapters, the problem of the existence of one by one, re read the "contract Law > fifty-second" fifth functions. Fourth chapter: return to real Practice, put forward how to apply the < contract law > fifty-second, fifth ideas.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923.6

【参考文献】