用人者追偿制度研究

发布时间：2018-05-24 08:40

本文选题：用人者责任 + 替代责任　；参考：《安徽财经大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着我国经济的发展,社会分工日益明确细密,交易日渐频繁,市场逐渐繁荣,被使用人作为生产活动的直接实施者,在执行用人者指示的工作任务时,时常侵害到其他人的权利,由谁承担赔偿责任的问题随之提出。为规制用人者、被使用人和第三人之间的关系,用人者责任制度应运而生。《侵权责任法》第34-35条规定了用人者责任,即用人者对被使用人在执行职务中对第三人造成的损害承担替代责任,该条是为了保障受害者的利益,而对于用人者自身合法权益保障问题却没有规定。目前,我国只在司法解释中规定了雇主追偿权,而且过于原则,仅仅适用于雇主承担替代责任后的追偿问题,关于其他的用人者能否享有追偿权没有给出明确的规定。因为民法学界通常倾向于研究用人者替代责任,关于替代责任由用人者承担后的追偿权问题研究没有引起足够的重视,所以造成用人者的权益在司法实践中要想得到有效的维护就面临一定的难度,违背了民法最基本的公平原则,故本文尝试对用人者追偿权做浅显的讨论,以求教于方家。全文沿两条主线展开论述,一是用人者追偿制度的基础理论,二是用人者追偿制度的完善,前者为后者提供理论准备和支撑。第一部分,用人者追偿制度的基础理论,本部分用三个章节来论述。首先,分析用人者追偿的涵义、特征及分类。用人者责任制度是用人者追偿制度的前提,故而在分析用人者责任的规定前提下,得出用人者追偿的涵义；进而分析出用人者追偿具有派生性、法定性、无过错性和平衡性的特征；同时,笔者根据追偿的前提条件和追偿范围的不同,将用人者追偿分为有偿用人者的追偿和无偿用人者的追偿。其次,探讨了用人者追偿制度的理论基础,这是该部分论述的重点。在分析国内外学者们主要观点的基础上,笔者认为用人者追偿制度的理论基础主要有公平责任、利益平衡和风险防范。最后,讨论了用人者追偿的成立要件。也即是用人者在何种情况下有权向被使用人进行追偿,主要包括主客观两方面要件,客观要件包括用人者承担了替代赔偿责任和被使用人存在不当职务行为,主观要件包括被使用人存在故意和重大过失两种情形。第二部分,在理论分析的基础上,对用人者追偿制度的完善提出自己的见解。主要包括立法模式的选择、追偿权的行使方式和用人者责任保险的完善。首先,介绍了国外两种用人者追偿立法模式,英美法系默示的立法模式和大陆法系明示的立法模式,在分析我国关于用人者责任追偿权的立法状况的基础上,笔者建议选择大陆法系明示的立法模式,并且建议对《侵权责任法》第34条进行重塑。其次,详细的讨论了追偿权的行驶方式问题。对于追偿的方式,用人者和被使用人之间有约定的,按约定,如果不存在约定,可以扣除雇员工资中的一部分,扣除的部分应低于一定的比例,而且还要考虑维持被使用人基本生活保障的需要；关于追偿的具体份额,笔者认为国家赔偿中法关于国家追偿权中追偿比例做出的规定很值得借鉴,同时与刑法中对刑期确定的方式相融合,从而对追偿权份额的确定具有影响的因素进行分类,即包括具体事实情节、基本事实情节两种,具有决定性影响的是基本事实情节,份额的基本档位也由其决定,进而结合具体事实情节做出微调,最终努力确保份额承担的相对公平、合理。最后,在介绍英美国家用人者责任保险制度的基础上,笔者分析了我国用人者责任保险发展缓慢的原因,并提出应当强制投保用人者责任险和相关法律衔接的建议。
[Abstract]:With the development of our economy , the social division of labor is becoming more and more precise , the transaction is becoming more and more frequent , the market is booming , the person who is used as the direct implementer of production activity , and the question of who bears the liability for compensation is not stipulated .

The whole text is discussed along two main lines , one is the basic theory of the recourse system of the human person , the second is the perfection of the recourse system of the human person , the former provides the theoretical preparation and support for the latter .

The first part , the basic theory of the human recourse system , this part is discussed in three chapters .

Firstly , the author analyzes the meaning , characteristics and classification of the author ' s recovery . The author ' s liability system is the premise of the recourse system of the person , so the meaning of the person ' s recourse is obtained under the premise of analyzing the person ' s liability .
Furthermore , the author analyzes the characteristics of the author ' s recourse to the existence , the law , the fault and the balance .
At the same time , according to the difference of the precondition and the scope of recourse , the author divides the author ' s compensation into the recourse of the paid - use person and the recourse against the non - paid person .

Secondly , the paper discusses the theoretical foundation of the recourse system of human person , which is the focus of this part . On the basis of analyzing the main viewpoints of scholars at home and abroad , the author thinks that the theoretical basis of the author ' s recourse system is the fair responsibility , the balance of interest and the risk prevention .

Finally , the author discusses the establishment of the author ' s recourse , that is , under what circumstances the employing person has the right to pay off to the person to be used , mainly including subjective and objective two aspects , the objective element includes the person who assumes the alternative compensation liability and improper duty behavior of the person to be used , the subjective element includes both the intentional and gross negligence of the used person .

In the second part , on the basis of the theoretical analysis , the author puts forward his own opinions on the perfection of the recourse system of the human person . It mainly includes the choice of the legislative mode , the exercise mode of the right of recourse and the perfection of the person ' s liability insurance .

First of all , the author introduces the legislative model of two kinds of people ' s recourse legislation , the legislative pattern implied by the Anglo - American law system and the legislation pattern of the civil law system . On the basis of analyzing the legislative situation of the right of recourse against the person in China , the author suggests that the legislative model of the civil law system be chosen , and the article 34 of the Law on Liability for Torts should be reshaped .

Secondly , the way of the right of recourse is discussed in detail . For the way of recourse , there is agreement between the employing person and the person to be used . If there is no agreement , it can deduct a part of the employee ' s wages , the deducted part should be lower than a certain proportion , and also consider the need to maintain the basic living security of the employed person ;
With regard to the specific share of recourse , the author holds that the provisions of the law on the proportion of recourse in the right of State recourse are worth reference while being fused with the way of determining the term in the criminal law , which includes the specific factual circumstances , the basic facts and circumstances , the decisive influence is the plot of the basic fact , the basic gear of the share is also decided by it , and then the adjustment is made with the specific factual circumstances , and finally , the relative fairness and rationality of the share is ensured .

Finally , on the basis of introducing the system of the person liability insurance in Anglo - American countries , the author analyzes the causes of the slow development of the person ' s liability insurance in our country , and puts forward the suggestion that the person responsible for insurance and the relevant legal cohesion should be enforced .
【学位授予单位】：安徽财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923

【参考文献】