惩罚性赔偿金规则的反思和改进

发布时间：2018-07-06 20:20

本文选题：惩罚性赔偿金 + 赔偿金计算标准　；参考：《吉林大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：惩罚性赔偿，也被称作报复性赔偿，它是意在惩罚不法行为人、警示社会公众并弥补受害人损失，由法院对不法行为人作出的赔偿数额高于其给受害人造成的实际损害数额的赔偿。学界对于惩罚性赔偿的缘起问题存在着诸多不同的看法。学界主流观点认为，普通法中的惩罚性赔偿缘起于1763年，其中美国是在1784年确认了这一制度。若要惩罚性赔偿金发挥其应有功能达到创设该制度的目的，其关键在于对惩罚性赔偿金额标准设置的合理性。惩罚性赔偿金过高，会使不法行为人受到过度的惩罚，也会让受害人从案件中获得过于高出损失的收益；相反如果惩罚性赔偿金设置过低，无疑将会使惩罚性赔偿制度的警示、威慑、惩戒作用大打折扣，同时，也削弱了受害人追究不法行为人责任的欲望，不能保证惩罚性赔偿制度的有效实施。因此，惩罚性赔偿制度功能如何得到完全的实现，将惩罚性赔偿金的计算标准进行规范化的确定便成为了重要因素。通过对英美法系国家惩罚性赔偿制度的设计进行研究可知，惩罚性赔偿金标准的确定是经过法官在各种判例中不断推敲形成的；但在我国，因国情的限制及具体法系的迥异，学界仍然在对我国法律规定中的相关条款是否属于惩罚性赔偿制度进行界定、争论。可以确定的是，无论是惩罚性赔偿制度已经较为完善的英美法系国家，还是近年来产品侵权案件不断涌现的我国，从制度层面上都已明确了惩罚性赔偿制度，尤其是产品侵权责任领域，惩罚性赔偿制度已经正式确立。2010年颁布实施的《侵权责任法》中明确规定了在产品责任案件中适用惩罚性赔偿制度，这是我国司法改革进程中的重大进步，很大程度上弥补了我国法律之前相关制度的空白。与此同时，该规定的出台也使得学者们产生了诸多疑问并掀起了讨论热潮。其中多数的质疑集中在《侵权责任法》中并未规定惩罚性赔偿的数额这一问题上，而数额的计算标准如何设置是惩罚性赔偿制度进一步发展完善的关键要素之一，，因该标准的设置直接影响到惩罚性赔偿制度在司法实务运用的成与败。因此，笔者计划通过对在这一制度上较为成熟的国家和地区关于惩罚性赔偿金数额的具体规定、相关案例以及对各观点理论进行分析和总结，尽可能梳理出我国当前理论界与实务界对惩罚性赔偿金的思考和探索，希望可以为我国惩罚性赔偿制度的完善带来一定启发。本文的第一部分将对如何明确惩罚性赔偿金计算标准进行概括说明，通过对我国现行法中有关惩罚性赔偿金计算标准的弊端进行研究分析，以说明重新构建我国惩罚性赔偿金计算模式的迫切性；其次，分析出我国惩罚性赔偿金计算标准在立法层面上取得的成就与存在的缺陷，在完成相关信息总结后，与惩罚性赔偿制度较为发达的国家及地区进行制度上的比较，以总结出其他国家和地区在立法层面及实务层面是如何明确惩罚性赔偿金数额的，从而总结出这些国家和地区针对相关问题所采取的值得我国借鉴的做法，进而筛选并最终提炼出其中有利于我国惩罚性赔偿制度建设的经验。本文第三部分将研究的重点放在了我国惩罚性赔偿计算标准该如何进行完善的问题上，通过对我国惩罚性赔偿金计算标准的设计以及其他相关参考因素的思量，为未来我国在立法中对惩罚性赔偿制度进行健全和完善有所裨益。
[Abstract]:Punitive damages are also called retaliatory indemnification. It is intended to punish the wrongful person, warn the public and make up for the loss of the victim. The amount of compensation made by the court to the wrongful person is higher than the amount of actual damage to the victim. There are many different views on the origin of the punishment compensation. The mainstream view of the academic world holds that punitive damages in common law originated in 1763, of which the United States confirmed this system in 1784. If punitive damages are to be used to achieve the purpose of creating the system, the key lies in the reasonableness of setting up the standard of punitive damages. Too high punitive damages will make it impossible. The excessive punishment of the perpetrator will also allow the victim to gain too much of the loss from the case. On the contrary, if the punitive damages are too low, it will undoubtedly make the warning, deterrence and punishment of the punitive compensation system discounted, and also weaken the desire of the injured person to pursue the liability of the wrongful person, and can not guarantee punishment. Therefore, the function of the penalty compensation system is effectively implemented. Therefore, the function of the punitive compensation system is fully realized and the standard of the punitive damages has become an important factor. Through the study of the design of the punitive damages system in the Anglo American legal system, the determination of the punitive damages is the way to determine the process. In our country, because of the limitation of national conditions and the difference of the specific legal system, the academic circles still define whether the relevant provisions in the legal provisions of our country belong to the system of punitive damages. In recent years, the system of punitive damages has been clearly defined on the system level, especially in the field of product tort liability. The punitive damages system has been formally established in the "tort liability law", which has been promulgated and implemented in.2010 years, which clearly stipulates the application of punitive damages in the case of product liability. It is a major progress in the process of judicial reform in China, to a great extent, to make up for the blank of the relevant system before the law of our country. At the same time, the introduction of this provision has also caused a lot of questions and raised the upsurge of discussion. Most of them have not stipulated the amount of punitive damages in the tort liability law. On the other hand, how to set the amount of the calculation standard is one of the key elements for the further development and perfection of the punitive damages system, because the setting of the standard directly affects the failure of the punitive compensation system in the judicial practice. Therefore, the author plans to pass on the punitive damages in the countries and regions which are more mature in this system. The specific provisions of the amount of payment, the relevant cases and the analysis and summary of the theory of various views, as far as possible to comb out the current theoretical and practical circles of China's ponder and exploration of punitive damages, hoping to bring some inspiration to the perfection of the punitive compensation system in China.
The first part of this article will summarize the calculation standard of punitive damages. Through the study and analysis of the malpractice of punitive damages in the current law of China, the urgency of reconstructing the calculation model of punitive damages in our country is illustrated. Secondly, the calculation of punitive damages in China is analyzed. The achievements and shortcomings of the standard in the legislative level are compared with the countries and regions which are more developed in the punitive compensation system after completing the summary of relevant information, so as to sum up the amount of punishment and punishment in the legislative and practical aspects of other countries and regions, thus summarizing these countries. In the third part, the third part of this paper puts the emphasis on how to improve the punitive compensation standard in China, and through the punitive compensation to our country. The design of the calculation standard for the payment of gold and the consideration of other related reference factors will be of benefit to the perfection and perfection of the punitive damages system in our country in the future.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923

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