因果关系不明侵权中的比例责任

发布时间：2018-07-16 16:55

【摘要】：当今社会伴随科技文化的不断发展,因果关系不明的侵权存在普遍,加之各种不确定因素的介入,危险行为及其数量的增加,损害行为和损害后果之间的因果关系如何,难以认定。因果关系传统理论上的全有和全无,仅仅去衡量因果关系是否存在,而不论因果关系有无存在的可能性,或可能性大小有多少。本文探讨的比例因果关系问题是讨论一定存在的比例问题。全有或者全无的理论与现阶段我国民事举证制度相结合之后,在解决很多因果关系不明侵权中,难以有效解决当事人的诉求。一般情况下,法院无法100%确定被告的侵权行为是否是原告损害结果的必要原因(也就是事实原因)。各法院仅仅能够在可获得证据的基础上,在1%到99%之间估计被告侵权行为造成原告所受损害的可能性,这种估计往往存在很大差异。但达到要求的证明标准时,法院则判决因果关系成立并且要求被告为原告的损害承担责任。由此可见,现阶段面临的问题是,怎样在因果关系难以确定的案例中平衡被告及原告的权益,适当有效的遏制侵权行为的发生,保障原告及被告的合法权益。首先,本文将从比例责任的基本内涵入手,说明我国现有的法律对此类侵权的规定,从而引出比例责任的研究缘起。说明因果关系不明侵权的一般处理规则和基本界定。分析不同领域比例责任的释义,说明本文中所研究的比例责任的概念。分析比较比例责任与过错责任、原因力责任的联系和区别。其次,研究和分析因果关系不明侵权中比例责任的合理性和科学性——防止了侵权人责任过轻,以及防止了侵权人责任过重。侵权责任在数个责任人之间分配时应当考虑对受害人利益的保护,侵权行为人的首要目的是补偿受害人的损失。还应当考虑到保护责任人的权益,对受害人损害的赔偿不能以牺牲责任人的利益为代价。责任人之间利益的分配应当适当合理,所以需要借鉴比例责任,体现侵权法的公平公正。再次,对英美法系,特别是美国法中比例责任的类型进行概括和案例整理,其中有三大类,每一类还有诸多子类型。结合案例进行分析比较。第四,确定比例责任适用的前提,理解比例责任适用的目的,以实现侵权法的价值追求:威慑目的和矫正正义。分析在确定“比例”时所需要斟酌的具体因素:包括以心证的程度决定损害额,依原因影响度决定比例以及以域外立法规定为例进行研究。同时说明比例责任的分担依据。最后,列举我国法律关于因果关系不明的规定,结合中国《侵权责任法》的规定,学说见解及司法实践,分析中国引进比例责任的有利基础。比例责任的引入可以弥补立法欠缺,平衡双方利益,实现司法公正。再次阐述比例责任在我国的适当引入,比例责任的适用领域,即拓展适用的范围。
[Abstract]:With the continuous development of science and technology and culture, the infringement of unknown causality is widespread, in addition to the intervention of various uncertain factors, the increase of dangerous behavior and its quantity, and the causality between the damage behavior and the damage consequence. It's hard to determine. In the traditional theory of causality, whether there is causality or not is only measured, regardless of the possibility of causation or not, or the degree of probability. The problem of proportional causality is discussed in this paper. After the combination of the theory of all or nothing and the civil proof system of our country at present, it is difficult to solve the demands of the parties effectively in solving a lot of tort with unknown causality. In general, the court could not determine 100% whether the defendant's tort was a necessary cause of the plaintiff's damage (i.e., factual). The court is only able to estimate the likelihood of the plaintiff's injury caused by the defendant's tort between 1% and 99% on the basis of available evidence, which often varies greatly. But when the required standard of proof was met, the court ruled that causality was established and held the defendant liable for the plaintiff's damage. Thus, the problem is how to balance the rights and interests of the defendant and the plaintiff in the case where the causality is difficult to determine, to restrain the occurrence of the tort, and to protect the legitimate rights and interests of the plaintiff and the defendant. First of all, this article will start with the basic connotation of proportional liability, explain the existing law of our country to this kind of tort provisions, so as to lead to the origin of the study of proportional liability. Explain the causality of unknown infringement of the general treatment rules and the basic definition. This paper analyzes the definition of proportional responsibility in different fields and explains the concept of proportional responsibility studied in this paper. Analyze and compare the relation and difference between proportional liability and fault liability and causative liability. Secondly, it studies and analyzes the rationality and scientificalness of the proportional responsibility in the tort of unknown causality, which prevents the tortfeasor from being too light and the tortfeasor from being too heavy. The protection of the victim's interests should be taken into account when the tort liability is distributed among several responsible persons, and the primary purpose of the tortfeasor is to compensate the victim's loss. Consideration should also be given to the protection of the rights and interests of those responsible, and compensation for damage to victims must not be made at the expense of the interests of those responsible. The distribution of benefits among the responsible persons should be appropriate and reasonable, so it is necessary to draw lessons from the proportional liability to reflect the fairness and fairness of tort law. Thirdly, the types of proportional liability in Anglo-American law system, especially in American law, are summarized and sorted out. There are three categories, each of which has many subtypes. Combined with the case analysis and comparison. Fourthly, the premise of the application of proportional liability should be determined and the purpose of application of proportional liability should be understood in order to realize the value pursuit of tort law: deterrent purpose and corrective justice. This paper analyzes the specific factors that need to be considered in determining the "proportion", including determining the amount of damage by the degree of evidence, determining the proportion according to the degree of influence of cause, and taking the extraterritorial legislation as an example. At the same time, explain the basis of the sharing of proportional responsibility. Finally, the author enumerates the provisions of the law of our country on the unclear causality, combines the provisions of China's Tort liability Law, theoretical opinions and judicial practice, and analyzes the favorable basis for the introduction of proportional liability in China. The introduction of proportional responsibility can make up for the lack of legislation, balance the interests of both sides and realize judicial justice. The appropriate introduction of proportional responsibility in China, the application of proportional liability, that is, to expand the scope of application.
【学位授予单位】：西北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923

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