论特殊侵权的归责举证及立法完善——以医疗行为引起的侵权诉讼为例

发布时间：2018-08-11 17:41

【摘要】：随着市场经济的迅猛发展,医疗侵权行为、高度危险作业侵权行为等特殊侵权行为日益增多,对行为要素提出了更高的权责分配要求,这就需要从立法层面确立其归责原则和举证制度。而归责举证的实质是要强调行为主体承担民事责任的依据和标准,通过揭示归责的原因或隐藏在致害背后的缘由,探索出侵权责任的归责原则。确立多元的救济机制为受害者提供更加全面的补救体系,正是研讨特殊侵权行为归责举证的初衷与目的。医疗行为引起的特殊侵权诉讼实行举证责任倒置,医疗机构应对损害事实不是由该医疗行为造成的承担证明责任,但这并不是说患者完全不负有任何举证责任。除医疗机构过错推定的法定情形之外,对其他的事实患者还负担主要的举证责任。虽然这种归责举证存在弊端,但立法上建议制定《医疗损害责任赔偿法》,在实践上建立健全医疗责任保险制度。在处理某种特殊侵权行为时,应考虑其不同于一般侵权行为的特殊性,异于其他特殊侵权行为的要件或法律效果,其举证重在于此,使归责举证的规则日趋完备。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of market economy, medical tort, highly dangerous operation tort and other special tort acts are increasing day by day. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the principle of imputation and the system of proof from the legislative level. The essence of burden of imputation is to emphasize the basis and standard of civil liability, and to explore the principle of liability for tort liability by revealing the reason of liability imputation or the reason behind the hidden harm. It is the original intention and purpose of studying the attribution of liability for special tort to establish a pluralistic relief mechanism to provide a more comprehensive remedy system for the victims. The burden of proof is reversed in the special tort lawsuit caused by the medical act. The fact that the medical institution should damage is not the burden of proof caused by the medical act, but this does not mean that the patient has no burden of proof at all. In addition to the legal situation of presumption of fault in medical institutions, there is a major burden of proof for other factual patients. Although this kind of imputation has disadvantages, it is suggested that the law of compensation for medical damage liability should be formulated in legislation, and the system of medical liability insurance should be established and perfected in practice. In dealing with a special tort, we should consider its particularity, different from other special tort elements or legal effects, and its proof lies in this, which makes the rules of imputation of proof perfect day by day.
【作者单位】：河南财经政法大学法学院;
【分类号】：D923

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