遗产范围的立法模式研究

发布时间：2018-10-08 21:48

【摘要】：继承法是调整因自然人死亡而发生的继承关系的法律规范总称。它着重规范因自然人死亡而产生的财产转移关系。遗产是财产继承法律制度中不可或缺的重要组成部分。确定遗产范围,除了明确哪些财产可以成为遗产,采取何种立法模式将其规定在《继承法》中也很重要。纵观世界各国立法,对遗产范围的立法模式可归纳为概括列举式、概括排除式、列举式与排除式相结合三种类型。我国《继承法》第3条对遗产范围采取概括列举式立法模式。首先正面概括规定“遗产是公民死亡时遗留的个人合法财产”,接着列举具体的七项遗产内容。然而,现代社会的民事财产权利是个开放的体系,随着社会经济发展不断增添新的内容。对遗产范围仅采取纯粹的列举立法模式,必然具有一定滞后性。因此,首先从遗产的法律特征、“合法性”限定以及债务的可继承性对遗产范围加以明确界定。通过大量查阅不同国家或地区立法中所涉及的遗产范围规定,比较分析以德国、西班牙、葡萄牙为代表的概括列举式立法模式,以日本、俄罗斯为代表的概括排除式立法模式,以英国、美国、法国为代表的列举式与排除式相结合的立法模式。再通过交叉学科、文献研究、实证分析、案例分析的研究方法,首先分析我国四大法域中规定遗产范围所采取的立法模式,然后论证具体体现在内容、对象、逻辑上的弊端,接着从经济、社会、文化方面入手,分析我国遗产范围立法模式之所以存在弊端的原因。借鉴国外立法、结合我国国情,先对遗产范围的具体列举方式和内容作出调整,最重要的是对一些不可能成为遗产的财产加以排除,尝试采取列举式与排除式相结合的立法模式对遗产范围作法律条文设计。遗产范围的立法模式选择由一国国情决定,世界上并无一个普适性立法模式,凡符合一国国情的立法模式就是应予选择的模式。值我国《继承法》修改之际,建议采取列举式与排除式相结合的立法模式对我国遗产范围重新作出规定,以助人们明确判断遗产归属,便于进行遗产分配。
[Abstract]:Inheritance law is the general name of the legal norms regulating the inheritance relationship caused by the death of a natural person. It focuses on regulating the property transfer relationship arising from the death of natural persons. Inheritance is an indispensable part of the legal system of inheritance. It is also important to determine the scope of the estate, in addition to identifying which property can become an estate, and which legislative model should be adopted to regulate it in the inheritance Law. Throughout the world legislation, the legislative model of the scope of heritage can be summed up into three types: general enumeration, general exclusion, enumeration and exclusion. Article 3 of China's inheritance Law adopts a general and enumerative legislative model for the scope of inheritance. First, it states that "inheritance is the legal property left by a citizen when he dies", and then enumerates seven specific items of inheritance. However, civil property right is an open system in modern society. Only adopting the pure enumeration legislation mode to the scope of heritage is bound to lag behind. Therefore, the scope of the estate is clearly defined from the legal characteristics of the estate, the limitation of "legitimacy" and the inheritable nature of the debt. Through a large number of references to the provisions of the scope of heritage involved in the legislation of different countries or regions, this paper makes a comparative analysis of the general and enumerative legislative models represented by Germany, Spain and Portugal, and the general and exclusive legislative models represented by Japan and Russia. The legislative model of the combination of enumeration and exclusion, represented by the United Kingdom, the United States and France. Then through the cross-disciplinary, literature research, empirical analysis, case analysis research methods, the first analysis of the four major jurisdictions in China to define the scope of the inheritance adopted by the legislative model, and then demonstrated the specific reflected in the content, object, logical shortcomings, Then from the aspects of economy, society and culture, this paper analyzes the reason why the legislative model of the scope of our country's heritage exists malpractice. Drawing lessons from foreign legislation and combining with the national conditions of our country, we should first adjust the specific enumeration methods and contents of the scope of the heritage, and most importantly, exclude some property that is unlikely to become a heritage. This paper attempts to design the legal provisions of the scope of the estate by adopting the legislative mode of combining enumeration and exclusion. The choice of the legislative model of the scope of heritage is decided by the national conditions of one country, and there is no universal legislative model in the world. At the time of the revision of the inheritance Law of our country, it is suggested that the legislative model combining enumeration and exclusion should be adopted to re-regulate the scope of the heritage of our country, so as to help people clearly judge the ownership of the heritage and facilitate the distribution of the heritage.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923.5

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