动产浮动抵押制度的解释与适用

发布时间：2018-10-09 09:05

【摘要】：动产浮动抵押制度作为一种抵押制度,有很多不同于传统的抵押的新特性,在实践中一直存在利用率较低、问题较多的弊端。作者查阅中国裁判文书网的诸多案例,梳理出亟待解决的四个问题,期望从法律解释与适用的角度展开讨论,解决相关的问题,提高该制度的使用率。第一个问题,如果浮动抵押没有登记,在特定情况下,善意第三人可以取得抵押物。关于"善意第三人"的范围问题,目前学界存在文义解释思路与目的性扩张思路之争。两种观点的分歧有二:其一,第三人有没有根据主观状态进行区分的必要;其二,"第三人"是否包括一般债权人。"善意第三人"应当进行目的性扩张,不仅包括主观上为善意的第三人,还包括特定情况下主观不论是善意还是恶意的第三人;未经登记的抵押权可以对抗一般债权人,不论一般债权人的主观心理状态如何。第二个问题,动产浮动抵押与其他担保物权的受偿次序问题。对于浮动抵押权之间的竞存顺位,应强调未经登记,不得对抗善意第三人。对于浮动抵押权与固定抵押权之间哪个权利优先的问题,应当分具体情况进行探讨。如果固定抵押设立之后,浮动抵押才因为某些事由固化,那么,固定抵押权应当优先,这种情况下,英国的相关法条有如下规定:如果有消极担保条款并且该条款已经登记,则固定抵押权不能先于浮动抵押权受偿;浮动抵押结晶后,抵押人又在该物上设定固定抵押的,实质上就变成了性质相同的两种权利之间的优先问题,则按抵押权顺位确定的一般原则处理。对于浮动抵押权与质权的竞存顺位,如果浮动抵押权设立在先并经登记,应当优先于质权,如果没有登记就没有优先效力;物上先成立质权,浮动抵押设立在后,质权优先。对于浮动抵押权与留置权竞存时的顺位,留置权应一律优先。第三个问题,浮动抵押制度运用中诈害债权行为的治理,主要有两条路径:第一条路径是反向适用《物权法》第一百八十九条第二款,从而达到保护权利人的目的,不过应当对"正常经营活动"、"已支付合理价款"与"买受人取得抵押财产"进行解释;第二条路径是由抵押权人撤销权。主张借助诚实信用原则路径的观点不足采。第四个问题,结晶期后抵押权的实现方式。除了抵押权的协议实现外,大多需要借助于执行程序和物权实现程序。但我国目前实现担保物权的特别程序未能考虑浮动抵押的特殊性,在实践中存在执行上的困境,建议引入英国法中的财产接管人制度强化对担保财产的整体清算和处理。
[Abstract]:As a kind of mortgage system, the floating mortgage system of movable property has many new characteristics which are different from the traditional mortgage. In practice, there are many disadvantages such as low utilization ratio and many problems. The author refers to many cases of China's adjudicative documents network, combs out four problems to be solved urgently, and looks forward to discussing from the angle of legal interpretation and application, solving the related problems and improving the utilization rate of the system. First, if a floating charge is not registered, a bona fide third party may obtain the mortgage in certain circumstances. On the scope of "bona fide third party", there is a dispute between the idea of literary meaning interpretation and the idea of purposeful expansion. There are two divergences between the two points of view: first, is there a need for a third party to distinguish on the basis of subjective state; and second, does the "third party" include the general creditor. " The bona fide third party "should expand purposefully, including not only the third person who is subjectively bona fide, but also the third person who is subjective, whether in good faith or malicious, under certain circumstances." unregistered mortgage can be used against the general creditor. Regardless of the general creditor's subjective state of mind. The second problem is the order of payment of movable property floating charge and other security interests. For floating mortgage between the existence of competition, should be stressed unregistered, not against bona fide third parties. The question of which right should be given priority between floating mortgage and fixed mortgage should be discussed in detail. If, after the fixed mortgage is established, the floating charge is solidified by something, then the fixed mortgage should take precedence, in which case the relevant British law provides that if there is a negative security clause and the clause is registered, The fixed mortgage cannot be compensated before the floating mortgage; if the mortgagor creates a fixed mortgage on the object after the floating mortgage crystallizes, in essence it becomes a priority problem between the two rights of the same nature. Then according to the mortgage to determine the general principle of treatment. For the existence of floating mortgage and pledge, if floating mortgage is first set up and registered, it should take precedence over pledge. If there is no registration, there is no prior effect. For floating mortgage and lien in the order of existence, lien should be given priority. Thirdly, there are two main ways to deal with the action of fraud against creditor's rights in the application of floating charge system: the first path is the reverse application of the second paragraph of Article 189 of the property Law, so as to achieve the purpose of protecting the obligee. However, "normal operation", "paid reasonable price" and "buyer's acquisition of mortgaged property" should be interpreted; the second way is to revoke the mortgagee's right. The idea of relying on the principle of good faith is inadequate. The fourth problem, the realization of mortgage after crystallization. Except for the realization of mortgage agreement, most of them need executive procedure and real right realization procedure. However, at present, the special procedure of realizing security interest in our country fails to consider the particularity of floating charge, and there is a dilemma of execution in practice. It is suggested that the system of property receiver in English law should be introduced to strengthen the whole liquidation and disposal of secured property.
【学位授予单位】：天津师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923.2

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