大规模环境侵权民事救济机制研究

发布时间：2018-10-11 08:00

【摘要】：生存还是发展一直是人类社会发展所围绕的中心问题,尤其是以经济高速发展,工业化现代化进程加快发展为背景的风险社会,以牺牲环境为代价的发展导致环境问题日益恶化,大规模环境侵权现象也日益增多。如何有效遏制环境问题进一步恶化、降低环境侵权的发生率、公平有效解决因大规模环境问题所带来的救济问题成为当下的热点。鉴于大规模环境侵权具有受害人人数众多、损害后果严重、影响范围广等特点,该行为不仅仅侵犯民事权利,甚至存在对社会公共利益的侵犯,在具体的救济中经常存在受害人索赔无门、索赔困难的情形。我国针对大规模环境侵权的救济机制,即在行政权力主导下具有明显的“行政干预”色彩的救济机制,淡化私法领域内应有的民事救济功效,造成民事责任的划分模糊化,真正的侵权行为人借国家接手救济逃脱民事责任的承担,受害人应有的救济不全面、不及时。大规模侵权是发生在特殊侵权类型的一种侵权表现形式,正是由于其存在的特殊性及其所造成后果的严重性,导致此类侵权行为具体救济机制在事件运行中的困难性。美国、德国及日本关于大规模环境侵权民事救济的模式,概括来说基本都是采取传统民事救济、国家救济及社会化救济这三种方式。通过对各个国家大规模侵权救济经验的总结,可以看出各个国家在实践中采取的救济机制各有侧重。因而我国大规模环境侵权的民事救济也应符合我国现阶段民事救济的现实情况。文章从大规模环境侵权的传统民事救济机制及国家补偿责任机制的内容完善角度出发,结合现存的救济基金及环境责任保险制度社会化救济制度内容的丰富,将三种救济机制整合形成我国的大规模环境侵权的民事救济机制。首先通过对传统民事救济内容的完善,力求在最大程度上对受害人给与最全面、及时的救济。其次明确大规模侵权中国家责任的构成,明确国家在救济机制中承担救济责任的补充性及严格的适用条件,与传统民事救济的适用构成鲜明的层次性。最后,明确我国现阶段存在的救济基金及环境责任保险制度两种社会化救济方式的适用条件及情形,以增加现实的可操作性。
[Abstract]:Survival or development has always been the central issue around the development of human society, especially the risk society with the background of rapid economic development and rapid development of industrialization and modernization. The development at the expense of the environment leads to the worsening of environmental problems and the increasing phenomenon of large-scale environmental infringement. How to effectively curb the deterioration of environmental problems, reduce the incidence of environmental infringement, and solve the problem of relief caused by large-scale environmental problems has become a hot spot. In view of the large number of victims, the serious consequences of the damage and the wide range of influence, the large-scale environmental tort is not only a violation of civil rights, but also a violation of the public interest of the society. In specific relief, there is often a situation where the victim has no access to claim, and claims are difficult. The relief mechanism for large-scale environmental tort in our country, that is, the relief mechanism with obvious "administrative intervention" color under the leadership of administrative power, desalinates the due civil relief effect in the field of private law, resulting in the blurring of the division of civil liability. The real tortfeasor takes over the relief to escape the civil liability, and the victim's remedy is not comprehensive and timely. Large-scale tort is a kind of tort manifestation which occurs in a special type of tort. It is precisely because of its existence particularity and the seriousness of its consequences that the concrete relief mechanism of this kind of tort is difficult to run in the event. The mode of large-scale environmental tort civil relief in America, Germany and Japan is basically based on the traditional civil relief, national relief and social relief. Through summing up the relief experience of various countries, we can see that the relief mechanism adopted by each country in practice has its own emphasis. Therefore, the civil remedy of massive environmental tort in our country should accord with the reality of civil remedy at present stage in our country. From the perspective of the traditional civil relief mechanism of large-scale environmental tort and the content perfection of the national compensation liability mechanism, the article combines the existing relief fund and the social relief system of environmental liability insurance system with the enrichment of the content of the social relief system. The three relief mechanisms are integrated to form the civil relief mechanism of large-scale environmental tort in China. Firstly, by perfecting the content of traditional civil relief, we try to provide the most comprehensive and timely relief to the victim. Secondly, it is clear that the constitution of state responsibility in large-scale tort, the supplement and strict applicable conditions of the national relief responsibility in the relief mechanism, and the application of traditional civil remedies constitute a distinct hierarchy. Finally, this paper clarifies the applicable conditions and situations of the two kinds of socialized relief methods, which are the relief fund and the environmental liability insurance system, which exist in our country at the present stage, in order to increase the practical maneuverability.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923

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