论过失相抵规则在未成年人受侵害案件中的适用

发布时间：2018-11-03 13:02

【摘要】：过失相抵,是赔偿权利人对损害的发生或者扩大具有过失,根据其过错程度对赔偿义务人的损害赔偿责任依法减轻或者免除的一种制度。过失相抵制度旨在公平正义的理念下平衡侵权人和受害人的利益。该制度理论精深,实际运用复杂,特别是在未成年人受侵害案件中,受害人的特殊性对该制度的适用提出了更高的要求。但是我国目前在过失相抵规则的立法和司法实践方面存在的问题颇多,《民法通则》和《侵权责任法》均未对未成年人受侵害时侵权人和监护人的责任承担问题做出明确规定,立法的不完善造成了司法实践中做法的不统一。本文试图从我国过失相抵规则在未成年人受侵害案件的适用过程中存在的问题入手,通过理论研究、比较法的研究、案例研究得出关于该制度更为合理的理论,并在此基础上对我国过失相抵规则在未成年人受侵害案件中的适用提出完善建议。除引言和结语之外,本文共分为五部分。第一部分在对过失相抵的概念进行介绍后,提出我国司法实践中过失相抵规则在未成年人受侵害案件的适用过程中存在的问题,主要有以下两方面:未成年人自身的过失相抵能力及适用问题和监护人的过失及适用问题。第二部分对未成年受害人适用过失相抵规则的基本理论进行了探讨,主要包括过失相抵规则的法理基础和适用范围两方面,在对多种学说进行综合分析介绍后,笔者认为过失相抵规则的法理基础为民法的公平原则和侵权法的责任自负原则,在适用范围方面应对过失相抵规则在无过错责任领域和未成年受害人范围的适用做出限制。第三部分对未成年人的过失相抵能力进行探讨,从理论说明、国外规定和我国司法实践的做法三个方面分析,认为应承认未成年人自身的过失相抵能力,将过失相抵能力与民事行为能力制度相统一。第四部分对监护人过失的适用问题进行探讨,亦从理论说明、国外规定和我国司法实践的做法三个方面进行分析,认为监护人的过失不应该由未成年受害人承担不利后果,不应以监护人过失为由适用过失相抵。第五部分针对过失相抵规则在未成年人受侵害案件适用中的不足,为更加完善的未成年人救济机制提出自己的建议。主要包括以下三个方面:一是完善过失相抵规则的理论基础,将过失相抵能力纳入过失相抵规则的构成要件中,以具体的生活标准为划分基础明确规定未成年受害人的过失相抵能力;二是监护人过失的相关规定,在未成年人作为受害人的情况下,应明确规定不得以监护人的过失为由适用过失相抵规则;三是建立和完善多元化的受害人救济机制,主要是完善保险制度在保护未成年人的利益方面的作用。
[Abstract]:Fault offset is a system in which the obligee of the right of compensation is negligent to the occurrence or expansion of the damage and mitigates or absolves the liability of the indemnification obligor according to the degree of his fault. Fault offset system aims to balance the interests of infringers and victims under the concept of fairness and justice. The theory of the system is profound and the practical application is complicated. Especially in the case of minors being infringed, the particularity of the victim puts forward higher requirements for the application of the system. However, there are many problems in the legislation and judicial practice of fault offset rule in our country at present. Neither the General principles of Civil Law nor the Tort liability Law clearly stipulates the responsibility of the infringer and guardian when the minor is infringed. The imperfect legislation leads to the inconsistency of the judicial practice. This paper attempts to start with the problems existing in the application of the fault offset rule in the case of minor infringement in China. Through theoretical research, comparative law research, case study, the author draws a more reasonable theory about the system. On this basis, the author puts forward some suggestions on the application of fault offset rule in minor infringement cases. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this article is divided into five parts. The first part, after introducing the concept of fault offset, puts forward the problems existing in the application of fault offset rule in the case of minor infringement in our country's judicial practice. There are two main aspects: the minor's own fault offset ability and the application problem and the guardian's fault and the application question. The second part discusses the basic theory of applying fault offset rules to minor victims, mainly including the legal basis and scope of application of fault offset rules. After comprehensive analysis and introduction of various theories, The author holds that the legal basis of the rule of fault offset is the principle of fairness in civil law and the principle of liability conceit in tort law. In terms of application scope, the application of fault offset rule in the field of no-fault liability and the scope of minor victims should be restricted. In the third part, the author discusses the offsetting capacity of minors, and analyzes it from three aspects: theoretical explanation, foreign regulations and judicial practice in our country, and holds that the juvenile's own offenses offsetting capacity should be recognized. The system of capacity for offending negligence and capacity for civil conduct should be unified. The fourth part discusses the application of guardian's fault, and analyzes it from three aspects of theory, foreign regulations and judicial practice of our country. The author thinks that the guardian's fault should not bear the adverse consequences by the minor victim. No fault shall be applied on the grounds of the fault of the guardian. The fifth part aims at the deficiency of fault offset rule in the case of minor infringement, and puts forward some suggestions for a more perfect relief mechanism for minors. It mainly includes the following three aspects: first, perfect the theoretical basis of the fault offset rule, and bring the fault offset capacity into the constitutive elements of the fault offset rule. On the basis of specific standard of living, the offending capacity of the minor victim is clearly defined; Second, the relevant provisions of guardian fault, in the case of minors as victims, it should be clearly stipulated that the guardian's fault should not be applied on the grounds of fault offset rule; Third, the establishment and improvement of diversified victim relief mechanism, mainly to improve the role of insurance system in the protection of the interests of minors.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923

【相似文献】