冷冻胚胎的权属问题研究

发布时间：2018-11-04 11:42

【摘要】：冷冻胚胎系辅助生殖技术实施过程中的产物,其本身的特征和附着其上的伦理意义要求法律做出有别于一般物权客体的特别规定。在有关冷冻胚胎的诸多问题中,最具争议的便是冷冻胚胎的权属确定。我国现行的相关立法仅限于效力等级较低的部门规章,不足以应对人工生育技术迅猛发展的实践需求,故研究冷冻胚胎的法律定性及权利归属具有较强的实践意义。理论界对胚胎的法律属性存在主体说、客体说及中间说的对立,三种观点的分歧点集中于冷冻胚胎是“人”还是“物”,亦或是非人非物的过渡体。因主体说与中间说均存在缺陷,且客体说能够满足立法与实务需要,故应将冷冻胚胎定性为民事客体,并在此基础上明确该类胚胎的归属。确定冷冻胚胎的权利人应充分考虑公序良俗原则及胚胎的生命价值,同时在供体双方意思自治前提下进行。决定胚胎权属时,应根据当事人有无事先约定区别对待:当事人对冷冻胚胎权属有约定时,应审查当事人意思表示是否真实有效,且应允许其在一定条件下行使撤销权;对权属问题未有约定的,应考虑供体夫妻离婚后的生育权行使、供体双方死亡后的胚胎继承、无人认领时的胚胎销毁问题等。有关冷冻胚胎的权利归属不应仅在理论界予以明确,还应在立法中得到体现。法律应当规定冷冻胚胎的保护机制,确定冷冻胚胎的定性与归属、保存期限及亲子关系问题,并规范冷冻胚胎在继承、捐赠与医学研究方面的界限。
[Abstract]:Frozen embryo is a product in the process of implementing assisted reproductive technology. Its own characteristics and the ethical significance attached to it require the law to make special provisions which are different from the general object of real right. Among the many issues concerning frozen embryos, the most controversial issue is the ownership of frozen embryos. The current relevant legislation of our country is only limited to the department regulations with lower grade of effectiveness, which is not enough to meet the practical demand of the rapid development of artificial fertility technology. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study the legal characterization and right attribution of frozen embryos. In the theoretical circle, the legal attribute of embryo is subject, the object theory is opposite to the middle theory, and the divergence of the three views is focused on whether the frozen embryo is "human" or "thing", or whether it is a non-human or non-material transitional body. Because of the defects of subject theory and intermediate theory and the fact that object theory can meet the needs of legislation and practice, frozen embryos should be defined as civil objects, and on this basis, the attribution of such embryos should be determined. The right holders of frozen embryos should consider the principle of public order and good custom and the life value of embryos, at the same time, they should be carried out on the premise of the autonomy of the will of both donors. When deciding on embryo ownership, it should be treated differently according to the prior agreement of the parties: when the parties have agreement on the ownership of frozen embryos, they should examine whether the parties' expression of intention is true and effective, and they should be allowed to exercise the right of rescission under certain conditions; If there is no agreement on the issue of ownership, we should consider the exercise of reproductive rights after divorce of donor couples, the inheritance of embryos after the death of both donors, the destruction of embryos when unclaimed, and so on. The right attribution of frozen embryos should not only be clarified in theoretical circles, but also be embodied in legislation. The law should provide for the protection mechanism of frozen embryos, determine the nature and attribution of frozen embryos, the preservation period and parent-child relationship, and regulate the boundaries between inheritance, donation and medical research of frozen embryos.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D923;D922.16

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