普通法合同相对性原则的发展及其对海上货物运输的影响

发布时间：2018-03-27 16:43

本文选题：合同相对性　切入点：海上货物运输　出处：《上海海事大学》2003年硕士论文

【摘要】：合同的相对性，最早起源于罗马法中的“债的相对性”，指“债”只能对债权人和债务人产生拘束力。在英美法中，并不存在债的概念及体系，所以大陆法中的“债的相对性”规则在英美法中被称为“合同的相对性”(privity of contract)。其基本内容是：合同项下的权利义务只能赋予当事人，合同只能对合同当事人产生拘束力，非合同当事人不能诉请强制执行合同。自罗马法以来，合同相对性或债的相对性原则一直为两大法系所确认，成为合同规则和制度的奠基石，，在债法或合同法中具有重要的地位。然而，在海商法这样一个特殊的法的领域，对合同相对性原则的严格遵守却给商业实践带来了很多不便。例如：国际货物运输中，订约方是发货人／卖方和船东，买方只是个第三者，无法以提单来起诉船东，船东也无法要求买方支付滞期费；履行辅助人的第三者责任由于违反合同和侵权的不同诉因带来完全不同的结果，使得其对自己行为的法律后果没有稳定而合理的预期；日益适用广泛的海运单不能引用目前已普遍适用的提单立法等等。为了解决实务中的这些困难，各国逐步通过各别判例及立法手段来解决合同相对性带来的困扰。本文以“合同相对性”为主要线索，以最为有代表性的英国法律发展为例，论述法律对于合同相对性问题态度的演变、立法的发展以及因此而对海上货物运输实践带来的影响。主要通过比较分析的方法，从社会发展和商业实践的角度来分析在海上货物运输过程中对于合同相对性原则应该持有态度和在实际案例中的应用方法，并对受到合同相对性原则困扰的一些问题提出自己的见解和解决问题的办法。我国的海商法相对于国际立法出台较晚(1993年开始实施)，吸收了当时世界各国法律及相关国际条约的先进内容，通过立法避免了合同相对性带来的部分困扰，但是依然存在很多问题。它山之石，可以攻玉。在对英国法相关内容的介绍之后，希望能够借鉴其法律的思想，在探寻案例背后的立法目的、明确法律想要的结果之后，结合我国的实际行业状况及已有的法律体系，制定出适合我国的最能保障行业公平和效率、促进行业良性发展的发展规范，并对我国立法提出相关建议。期望法律不是徒具语言，而是追求务实的目的，注意法律规范在适用过程中的效果，最终实现法律的价值。
[Abstract]:The relativity of the contract , the earliest originated from the relativity of debt in Roman law , means that " debt " can only have binding force on creditor and debtor . In the Anglo - American law , there is no concept and system of debt , so the principle of " relativity of debt " in mainland law is called " privity of contract " in Anglo - American law . Since Roman law , the principle of relativity of contract or debt has been recognized as the cornerstone of the contract rules and system , which has an important position in debt law or contract law .

However , in the field of a special law such as maritime law , strict adherence to the principle of relativity of contract has brought a lot of inconvenience to the commercial practice . For example , in the international carriage of goods , the contracting party is the consignor / seller and the owner , the buyer is only a third party , the owner cannot be sued by the bill of lading , and the owner cannot request the buyer to pay the delay period .
The third party ' s duty to fulfill the third party ' s liability for breach of contract and tort has brought completely different results , so that the legal consequences of his actions are not stable and reasonable ;
The increasing application of a wide range of maritime bills cannot refer to the currently universally applicable bill of lading legislation and so on .

In order to solve these difficulties in practice , each country has gradually adopted various jurisprudence and legislative means to solve the problems caused by the relativity of contract . In this paper , based on the " relativity of contract " as the main clue , this paper discusses the evolution of the attitude towards the relative question of contract , the development of legislation and the influence on the practice of carriage of goods by sea .

After the introduction of the relevant contents of English law , the author hopes to draw lessons from the actual industry situation and the existing legal system of our country . After the introduction of the relevant contents of English law , it is hoped that the legislation aim of our country will be guaranteed , the development of the industry ' s benign development can be promoted , and the relevant suggestions are put forward in our country ' s legislation .

【学位授予单位】：上海海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2003
【分类号】：D913

【引证文献】