国际货物多式联运中损害定域法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-04-17 08:53

本文选题：多式联运 + 损害定域　；参考：《西南政法大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： 国际货物多式联运是联运经营人以一张联运单据,通过两种以上的运输方式将货物从一个国家运至另一个国家的运输。这是在集装箱运输的基础上产生和发展起来的新型运输方式。国际货物多式联运中货物损害的定域是确定多式联运之中货物损害所发生的特定运输区段的行为,是多式联运中一个特有的法律现象。货物损害的定域是多式联运经营人责任体制构建和运作的前提。货物损害能否定域以及定域的结果如何将直接影响到多式联运经营人对货物损害的赔偿责任。当前,以集装箱为载体的国际货物多式联运在世界范围内得到了飞速发展,并已逐步成为国际货物运输的主流方式。一些国际立法以及包括我国在内的诸多国家国内立法都对这一运输形式进行了立法规范。然而多式联运中货物损害定域的问题,似乎成为被遗忘的角落,国内外对该问题缺乏相应的系统研究,这势必会影响到多式联运立法规则的正确适用以及多式联运经营人责任的确定。基于此,笔者对国际多式联运中损害定域相关法律问题进行了粗浅的研究,希望能对我国多式联运立法的进一步完善尽一点绵薄之力。本文笔者的写作思路是:通过研究国际国内立法中对多式联运的相关规定,对多式联运中货物损害定域问题产生的原因以及其所具有的功能进行了分析,进而再对损害定域的相关法律问题进行深入研析,最后对完善我国多式联运相关立法提出一些思考和建议。本文共三万余字,除引言外,主体内容分为四个部分。第一部分是对货物损害定域问题的概述。主要介绍损害定域问题产生的原因及其功能。笔者通过对有关多式联运国际法规以及我国国内相关立法进行研究分析出货物损害定域问题产生的原因——跟目前多式联运立法所采用的多式联运经营人责任体制有必然关联。进而又对货物损害定域所具有的功能进行分析。损害定域具有协调法律适用和确定经营人和多式联运合同以外的第三方赔偿责任和责任限额的功能,其中对多式联运经营人赔偿责任的确定又因责任体制的不同而不同。第二部分对损害定域的相关法律问题进行了研究。主要从损害定域的标准、定域的方法和定域的举证责任三方面进行论述。损害定域的标准方面,有关国际货物多式联运的立法中所采用的标准有两种:一种是以货物损害结果发生地作为定域的标准;另一种是分别以货物损害结果发生地和导致货物损害事由的发生地作为定域的标准。笔者通过比较分析,认为损害定域应当以导致货损事由的发生地为标准。因为只有这样才有可能使多式联运经营人以及多式联运合同以外的第三方的权利义务相对等,使多式联运经营人对外赔偿关系和对内求偿关系之间保持平衡。就定域的方法而言,定域大致可以通过相关责任人义务履行情况、案件事实、相关运输单据以及一些科学技术手段等方法予以推定。由于损害定域的方法不具有统一性,其定域的结果往往取决于法院对有效事实的认定,因此该部分主要采用实证分析方法,引用国内外相关案例进行分析说明。损害定域的举证责任应根据“对谁有利,谁举证”的原则予以分配。该部分亦采用比较分析和实证分析的方法,对一些国家相关立法和司法实践进行了评析。并建议采用国际上著名的“‘非定域性损害'分摊原则”对非定域性损害进行风险规避,从而减轻无法举证时给多式联运一方所带来的不公平后果。第三部分研究分析了在定域性场合和非定域性场合下货物损害与赔偿责任之间的关系。对多式联运经营人而言,明确货物损害在定域性或非定域性场合下赔偿责任限额的规定,可增强对货物损害风险承担的可预见性以及可以通过衡量二者利弊从而在货损定域的举证上实现利益最大化。本部分分为两个部分,第一部分阐述了定域性损害赔偿责任限额的确定。主要分析在两种不同责任体制下定域性损害赔偿责任限额的确定,网状责任体制对定域性货物损害赔偿责任限额波动幅度的影响以及网状原则在定域性货损赔偿责任限制方面的适用条件,并比较了两种责任体制下解决赔偿责任限额的优缺点。第二部分阐述了非定域性损害赔偿责任限额的确定。亦分别从两种责任体制中对其进行研究。文章最后一部分是笔者对完善我国多式联运相关法律对损害定域问题规定的思考。该部分首先对我国目前多式联运立法的基本框架作了介绍,重点对比分析了《海商法》与《合同法》中有关多式联运规则的关系以及多式联运经营人的损害赔偿责任原则。其次通过对立法现状的研究进而剖析出我国多式联运立法中还存在的缺陷和立法空白。最后对完善多式联运相关立法提出一些思考和建议,譬如在责任体制方面建议改采经修正的统一责任体制;构建一部多式联运专门立法,对货物损害定域的具体法律问题予以详尽规定等等。随着国际货物多式联运的进一步发展,有关多式联运的诸多法律问题开始在实践中产生,货物损害定域问题便是之一。虽然目前国内有关损害定域问题的研究还处于起步阶段,但笔者相信,随着理论研究的深入和司法实践经验的不断积累,假以时日,必成体系。损害定域相关法律制度的完善将进一步促进多式联运立法规则的正确适用,加快多式联运经营人的归责原则、责任限额以及追偿权的实现,推动国际货物多式联运良性飞速发展。
[Abstract]:International multimodal transport is a transport operator with a transport document, by two or more modes of transport to transport goods from one country to another country. This is a new mode of transport developed on the container transport domain. International multimodal transport of goods is damaged goods a specific section of transport multimodal transport goods to determine the damage of the behavior, is a unique legal phenomenon in multimodal transportation. Localized damage to goods is the premise of the multimodal transport operator liability system construction and operation. The damage to goods can set domain and domain results will directly affect the liability of the multimodal transport operator the damage to goods.
At present, the international cargo carrier in the container multimodal transport has been rapid development in the world, and has gradually become the mainstream mode of international transport. Some international legislation, including China, many countries have made laws of domestic legislation to regulate the form of transportation. However, cargo damage in multimodal transportation domain the problem that seems to be forgotten, both at home and abroad on the problem of lack of systematic research, it is bound to affect the correct application of multimodal legislative rules and determine the multimodal transport operator liability. Based on this, the author makes a tentative study on the legal issues related to localized damage to international multimodal transport, hope to further perfect our legislation of multimodal transport as a little bit. The idea of writing this article is: through the study of international and domestic legislation of multimodal transport The relevant provisions of the reason domain problem of multimodal transport of goods in the damage and the function are analyzed, and then the related legal problems of damage localization of in-depth research and analysis, finally to improve our multimodal relevant legislation put forward some thoughts and suggestions.
In this paper, a total of more than 30000 words, in addition to the introduction, the main content is divided into four parts.
The first part is an overview of the localization problems of goods damage. Mainly introduces the causes and function damage localized problems. Based on the regulations on international multimodal transport and domestic related legislation. The research analyzes the causes of damage to goods localization problem -- with the multimodal transport legislation of multimodal transport operator liability system there is inevitable relationship. Then the goods damage localization functions were analyzed. Damage localization has the coordination of law and other operators and determine the multimodal transport contract of third party liability and the limitation of the function of the liability of multimodal transport operators to determine the responsibility system for different and different.
The second part of the related legal problems of localized damage were studied. Mainly from the localization of damage criteria, three methods of localized and localized damage of the burden of proof are discussed. Local standards, the relevant international multimodal transport legislation standard has two kinds: one kind is to as a result of damage to goods local standards; another is to result in damage to the goods respectively and cause damage to goods grounds occurred as local standards. Through comparative analysis, that the localization of damage should be led to the damage of the place where the reason. Because the only way to make it possible for outside the multimodal transport operator and multimodal transport contract of third party rights and obligations of the relative, the multimodal transport operator of foreign relations and maintain a balance between the compensation of internal compensation relationship. The means of the localized set The domain can be roughly through the relevant persons responsible for the fulfillment of the obligation, the facts of the case and method of documents and some scientific and technological means to presumption. Due to localized damage is not unity, the localization results often depends on the court found on effective facts, so this part mainly adopts the empirical analysis method, reference cases at home and abroad are analyzed and explained.
The burden of proof should be based on the localization of damage "in whose favor, who proof" principle to be distributed. This part also adopts the method of comparative analysis and empirical analysis, some relevant national legislation and judicial practice are analyzed. It is suggested to adopt international famous "nonlocality 'damage apportionment principle of nonlocal damage risk aversion, thereby reducing the burden of not to unfair consequences of a multimodal transport brings.
The third part analyses the relationship between the local situations and nonlocality occasions cargo damage and compensation. The multimodal transport operator, provisions in the locality or non locality occasions the limits of liability clear goods damage, can enhance the risk of damage to goods of predictability and can be measured through the two pros and cons resulting in localized damage on the burden of proof to achieve maximum benefits. This part is divided into two parts, the first part elaborated to determine the locality of the limits of the compensation. The main analysis to determine the localized damage in two different responsibility under the system of limitation of liability, the applicable conditions of network effects the responsibility system of local goods damage compensation liability limit volatility and net principle in the locality of the limitation of liability for damages, and compare the two kinds of liability system to resolve compensation responsibility The second part expounds the determination of the limitation of the liability for non locality damage and the study of the two liability systems respectively.
In the last part of this article is the author of perfecting the relevant laws about the localization of multimodal transport provisions to damage. The first part introduces the basic framework of multimodal transport legislation in China at present, mainly analyzed the principle of liability about the relationship between "multimodal transport rules of maritime law" and "contract law" and the damage of the multimodal transport operator. Secondly through the research on the status quo of legislation and then analysis existing in our country's legislation in multimodal transport defects and legislative gaps. Finally to improve the multimodal transport related legislation put forward some thoughts and suggestions, such as the responsibility system by uniform liability system proposed modified; build a multimodal transport special legislation, the specific legal issues of localized damage to the goods shall be detailed provisions and so on.
With the further development of international multimodal transport of goods, many legal issues related to multimodal transport began in practice, cargo damage localization is one of the problems. Although the research at home and abroad on the localization of damage is still in its infancy, but I believe that with the continuous accumulation of theoretical research and judicial practice, false in time, will become a system. The correct application of perfect localization of damage of the relevant legal system will further promote the multimodal legislative rules, imputation principle to speed up the implementation of the multimodal transport operator, liability limits and subrogation rights, promote the healthy rapid development of international multimodal transport of goods.

【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：D996.1

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