国际海上货物运输承运人责任制度改革问题研究

发布时间：2018-04-19 20:55

本文选题：承运人 + 过失责任　；参考：《武汉大学》2005年硕士论文

【摘要】：国际海上货物运输承运人责任制度在海商法中居于核心地位。从20世纪70年代以来,改革该法律制度的努力一直没有停止。当前CMI起草统一运输法草案的过程中,争论的焦点问题之一仍然是关于该制度的改革。本文通过对该制度的历史分析和法理分析,讨论了当前争论的几个重要问题,即完全过失原则的确立、航海过失免责制度的取消和举证责任分配问题。这三个问题是紧密相关的。完全过失原则的确立是航海过失免责制度的取消的前提,而举证责任分配对于平衡取消航海过失免责制度后各方利益有着重要作用。协调好三者的关系,对改革取得成功具有十分重要的意义。本文第一章通过回顾承运人责任制度的历史追溯了导致当前改革的原因,即新技术在航海中的应用、承运人与托运人的市场地位的改变和政治经济法律环境的变化带来的影响。第二章分析了承运人责任的法律性质,并对承运人责任进行了经济分析,由此得出的结论是:承运人责任制度的功能主要是在海上货物运输当事人各方分配损失,这样的一个制度应该以提高海上货物运输效率、实现社会效益最大化为其首要法律价值,当前的改革应当遵循这种法律价值的指导。第三章具体分析了完全过失原则、航海过失免责和举证责任分配问题,并认为在承运人责任制度中确立完全过失原则、取消航海过失免责规定是符合效率价值的。通过对《哈特法》以来的司法实践和立法实践的分析,笔者认为海事审判和立法都在逐步采取措施纠正航海过失免责规定的负面影响,从实践和理论两方面论证了确立完全过失原则和取消航海过失免责制度的必然性。笔者还对难以取消航海过失免职制度的原因做了解释,认为主要是存在路径依赖和既得利益集团的反对。举证责任制度作为实体法法律制度的平衡器,对确立完全过失免责带来的冲击具有缓冲作用,笔者认为当前举证责任制度的改革应当遵循一个世纪以来的司法实践所建立起来的基本规则。
[Abstract]:The carrier liability system of international carriage of goods by sea occupies the core position in maritime law. Efforts to reform the legal system have not stopped since the 1970 s. In the process of drafting the draft uniform Transport Law by CMI, one of the most controversial issues is the reform of this system. Based on the historical and legal analysis of the system, this paper discusses several important issues in the current debate, that is, the establishment of the principle of total negligence, the cancellation of the system of exemption from maritime negligence and the distribution of the burden of proof. These three problems are closely related. The establishment of the principle of total negligence is the premise of the cancellation of the exemption system of maritime negligence, and the distribution of the burden of proof plays an important role in balancing the interests of the parties after the cancellation of the exemption system. It is of great significance for the success of reform to coordinate the relationship between the three. In the first chapter, by reviewing the history of carrier liability system, the author traces the reasons that lead to the current reform, that is, the application of new technology in navigation, the change of market position of carrier and shipper, and the influence of the change of political, economic and legal environment. The second chapter analyzes the legal nature of the carrier's liability, and makes an economic analysis of the carrier's liability. The conclusion is that the main function of the carrier's liability system is to distribute the loss among the parties involved in the carriage of goods by sea. Such a system should be based on improving the efficiency of the carriage of goods by sea and maximizing the social benefits. The current reform should follow the guidance of this kind of legal value. The third chapter analyzes the principle of complete fault, the exemption of maritime fault and the distribution of burden of proof, and thinks that it is effective to establish the principle of complete fault in the system of carrier's liability and to cancel the provision of exemption from exemption of nautical fault. Through the analysis of the judicial and legislative practice since Hart Act, the author thinks that the maritime trial and legislation are gradually taking measures to correct the negative effects of the exemption from maritime negligence. The necessity of establishing the principle of complete negligence and abolishing the system of exemption from maritime fault is demonstrated from the aspects of practice and theory. The author also explains the reasons why it is difficult to abolish the system of marine negligence dismissal, which is mainly due to the existence of path dependence and opposition of vested interest groups. The system of burden of proof, as the balancer of the legal system of substantive law, has a cushioning effect on the impact brought by the establishment of complete fault exemption. The author thinks that the reform of the burden of proof system should follow the basic rules established by the judicial practice in the past century.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：D996.19

【引证文献】