船舶优先权与海事赔偿责任限制制度之冲突与对比

发布时间：2018-04-20 18:38

本文选题：船舶优先权 + 船舶优先权项目　；参考：《上海海事大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 船舶优先权与海事赔偿责任限制是海商法下两项十分具有代表性的特有制度。他们的设立都起因于海上运输业要经受巨大的海上风险。如果说船舶优先权是海商法为保护特殊的海事债权人而建立的一项法律制度的话，海事赔偿责任限制则是海商法为保护某些海事债务人而建立的一项特别制度。表象上来看，两者的立法目的似乎是相互对立的，但是其最终的着力点均在于海事赔偿请求的全过程，这其中会涉及到请求权人与责任主体(被请求权人)的权利义务的方方面面。该两项制度均是在这一基础上发展起来的——法律赋予海事请求权人以船舶优先权，而使其成为了船舶优先权人；法律保护某些海事请求的责任主体(被请求人)，自过于沉重的承担中助其减负，从而使某些海事请求权人成为了限制性债权人。从深层上来看，其立法意旨其实是一致的，维护航运安全，支持航运业的健康有序发展。本文第一部分，将着重介绍船舶优先权制度的整体情况。作为一项具有特殊地位的法律制度，船舶优先权被认为是海商法的首要原则之一。本文将从整体上剖析船舶优先权制度的存在意义和历史发展，从而说明制度本身的合理性和重要性。其后，笔者将会把视角放在中国《海商法》体系下，，船舶优先权制度的设计布局和具体内容。该部分的论述将会采用中国法律与国际公约对比的方式，从而更好地说明其对于航运业发展的积极作用，从而对后文的延展论述作下好的铺垫。本文第二部分，笔者把论述角度转向法律制度冲突的另一方面，海事赔偿责任限制制度。沿袭上文的叙述习惯，将采用国内法与国际法上法律制度比较统一的方式来展开。21世纪的海事赔偿责任限制制度的立法都展现出一些日渐明朗的趋势，通过历史顺序上的按图索骥，能够对赔偿责任限制制度的理论与实践勾勒出比较清晰的轮廓。当然，最终的着眼点就在于推进第三部分其与船舶优先权制度的效力对比与法律效果。这就引申出本文的第三部分，两项制度之间的对照与对比。本部分将分为三个层次展开。首先是要对法律制度经济价值层面的分析，然后是对法律制度理论支持方面的延伸，再次则是对法律制度实践操作中的由浅入深。这是一个符合逻辑的论证过程，最终我们把文章的重点引导向法律规定的现状情况，询问其规定是否合理，其执行是否有效，等等。这种最后启用的设问式的模式，将把理论研究的视野最终定位于法律的实践，在现实中找寻可靠的理解与认识，从而更好的解决不可避免的法律制度上的冲突，保护社会的共同利益。
[Abstract]:Maritime lien and limitation of maritime liability are two very representative special systems under maritime law. They were all set up because the shipping industry had to take great risks at sea. If maritime lien is a legal system established by maritime law to protect special maritime creditors, the limitation of maritime liability is a special system established by maritime law to protect some maritime debtors. Superficially, the legislative purposes of the two are opposite to each other, but their ultimate focus is on the whole process of maritime claims. This will involve all aspects of the rights and obligations of the claimant and the subject of responsibility. The two systems are developed on this basis-the law gives maritime claimants maritime liens, and makes them become maritime liens. Legal protection of certain maritime claims of the main body of responsibility (the claimant, since too heavy a burden to help them reduce the burden, so that some maritime claimants have become restricted creditors. From the deep point of view, its legislative intent is actually consistent, maintaining shipping safety and supporting the healthy and orderly development of shipping industry. The first part of this paper will focus on the overall situation of maritime lien system. As a special legal system, maritime lien is regarded as one of the most important principles of maritime law. This paper will analyze the significance and historical development of the maritime lien system as a whole, so as to explain the rationality and importance of the system itself. Thereafter, the author will focus on the design, layout and content of maritime lien system under China's Maritime Law system. This part of the discussion will adopt the Chinese law and the international convention comparison way, thus better explains its positive function to the shipping industry development, thus makes the good foreshadowing to the later article extension elaboration. In the second part, the author turns to the other side of the conflict of legal system, the limitation system of maritime claims liability. Following the narrative custom described above, legislation on the liability limitation system for maritime claims in the 21st century will be developed in a more unified manner between domestic law and international law, showing some increasingly clear trends. According to the clue of historical sequence, it can outline the theory and practice of liability limitation system. Of course, the final focus is to promote the third part of the maritime lien system and the effectiveness of comparison and legal effects. This extends the third part of this article, the contrast and contrast between the two systems. This part will be divided into three levels of development. The first is the analysis of the economic value of the legal system, then the extension of the theoretical support of the legal system, and the third, the shallowness of the practice of the legal system. This is a logical process of argumentation. Finally, we guide the focus of the article to the current situation of the law, asking whether the provisions are reasonable, whether their implementation is effective, and so on. This kind of last question mode will position the theoretical research field in the practice of law, find reliable understanding and understanding in reality, so as to better solve the inevitable conflict of legal system. Protect the common interests of society.
【学位授予单位】：上海海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D996.19;D922.294

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